Zoos And Aquariums Helping Or Hurting - 992 Words

Animals in Zoos Are zoos and aquariums helping or hurting? Do hundreds of thousands of happy onlookers make zoos justifiable? Is it acceptable to keep animals confined for our entertainment? Animals that are confined to zoos or aquariums often exhibit abnormal behavior. This can manifest its self behaviorally or physically. This could be as displayed as begging, self-mutilation, autoerotic stimulation or general sterotypies. Sterotypies are â€Å"are repetitive, invariant, behavior with no obvious goal or function† (Mason 1015-1037). They are generally regarded as an attempt way to improve a sub-optimal environment by using the action or behavior as a coping method (Mason 1015-1037). Bears and elephants may swing or rock, while primates may self bite or display an act called â€Å"floating limb† where they might move a limb unusually, visually track it, then attack it (Mallapur and Choudhury 275-284). Essentially it is the same behavior that a dog displays when it chases its own tail. These behaviors are not always present, but can be more common in males and in animals that are taken from touring exhibitions rather than animals raised in recognized zoos (M allapur and Choudhury 275-284). Stereotypies can be reduced with different enrichment methods, from adding natural elements like dirt or vegetation, concealing food, promoting natural territorial behavior or creating areas of privacy for animals to escape to (Swaisgood and Shepherdson 499-518). Unfortunately, Swaisgood andShow MoreRelatedThe Nature Of Zoos And Aquariums1445 Words   |  6 PagesSociety directly takes advantage of animals through the means of entertainment. Zoos and aquariums have become one of the most popular attractions to see animals in their â€Å"habitats.† According to Stephen Coan, the president and chief executive of Sea Research Foundation, zoos and aquariums were created â€Å"mostly with the intention of helping to revitalize downtowns, coastal areas or waterfront districts† (The Future of Zoos). These attractions resemble a prison to animals because they are isolated fromRead MoreThe Effects Of Jellyfish On The Ecosystem And Life Style Of Others1672 Words   |  7 Pagesbeat them, eat them.† If more people started eating jellyfish it could potentially help create jobs and benefit society, in 2013 Georgia had there first commercial fishing season for jellyfish and it has become a major export for the state. But with helping create new jobs and becoming a popular dish it also raises concern for over fishing. If not studied and watched properly it can harm other ecosystems the jellyfish provides for. With freelance writer Garry Hamilton he uses evidence from marine scientist

Significant Health Care Event - 1225 Words

Significant Health Care Event Eugene Whitehead HCS/531 February 18, 2013 Ann Gantzer Science and technology have always been joined at the hip. The evolution of health care services in the United States (U. S.) undoubtedly has been shaped at least in part by advancements in scientific research and knowledge, and technological innovation (Shi amp; Singh, 2012). The following exploration focuses on ways a specific scientific or technological event or innovation affected health care provision in the U. S. to date. Health care is dynamic. Science and technology continue to prove themselves as important facilitators of the change processes that occur in health care. The scientific method and nursing process are just a few examples that†¦show more content†¦In 1955 more than 50% of American women who used birth control relied upon condoms (27%) and diaphragms (25%). A decade later, only five years after the pill was approved the numbers changed drastically, with 27% of American women using the pill, 18% using condoms, and 10% relying on diaphragms. Use of the pill continued to rise so that 36% of American women were using it by 1973 (Seigel-Watkins, 2012). Birth control affected health care evolution in many ways. Prevention and dominion over pregnancy provided women a type of freedom of choice inconceivable before 1960. As the use of birth control matured and health concerns began to surface a whole new avenue of research opened related to the correlation between use of the pill and emboli formation, heart attack, and stroke. An increase in medical malpractice claims and exorbitant product liability costs illustrated another negative aspect of contraceptive medicine’s impact on health care evolution. Citing limited opportunities for growth and profits pharmaceutical companies tinkered with lower dosages and estrogen-progestin combinations but did not invest in new birth control innovations during the 1970s and 1980s. However, the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 also called the Hatch-Waxman Act set the stage for expansion of the oral contraceptive marketplace. By 2007, that market was flooded with more than 90 brand-name and generic drugs. Also by this time theShow MoreRelatedSignificant Event in Health Care792 Words   |  4 PagesSignificant Health Care Event Linda B. Conner, RN, BSN HCS/531 October 13, 2014 Dale Mueller Significant Health Care Event The health care system in the United States has been growing and changing for years and will continue to do so for years to come. The one constant in the Unite States health care system is change and evolution through evaluations of those changes. If there had not been unrest with the level and provisions of care in the early 1970s Managed Care may have never been introducedRead MoreSignificant Health Care Event Essay957 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Significant Health Care Event There have been several events that have helped to change and mold health care throughout history in the United States. Some influences that have are significant to benefit Americans and stay on track with the needs of Americans include society, culture, finance, religion, politics, technology, health trends, environment, and population (Shi Singh, 2012) Significant Event’s Relation to Health Care In the year 2011 there were many reports in the media regardingRead MoreSignificant Health Care Event - Managed Care1489 Words   |  6 PagesSignificant Health Care Event - Managed Care Health care has grown and evolved over the centuries from haphazard treatment based on tradition and superstition that often times did more harm than good, to a system that is able to preserve life in situations where life was previously believed to be unsustainable as recently as just 50 years ago. The concept of managed health care began over 100 years ago as a means by which medical care could be provided to injured workers, but has undergone majorRead MoreSignificant Health Care Event Essay862 Words   |  4 Pagesquality health care to all the people irrespective of their race, age, sex, and class, is the main objective of an efficient health care system. The health care system has evolved in various preventive and promotional policies, programs and practices adopted by the United States health departments, in order to develop and improve the health of the people. A major reform has occurred in health care financing, which provides health care options in order to attain the un iversal health care coverageRead MoreSignificant Health Care Event Essay example1040 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Significant Health Care Event: Affordable Care Act Tiffany L. Boldon University of Phoenix Abstract The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) (ACA) or Obamacare is the most signification change the U.S. medical system since Medicare and Medicaid reform during the 1960’s. The Affordable Care Act or ACA is designed to ensure that all Americans have medical coverage. It gives those that were uninsured a means to now have health insurance, offers a more affordable coverage toRead MoreSignificant Event/Impact on Health Care Organizations: Managed Care1265 Words   |  6 PagesRunning Header: SIGNIFICANT EVENT/IMPACT ON HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATIONS: MANAGED CARE Significant Historical Event/Impact on Health Care Organizations: Managed Care Erich Hayman Monday, May 19, 2008 University of Phoenix HCS/530, Health Care Organizations Professor David A. Olsen, MHA Significant Historical Event/Impact on Health Care Organizations â€Å"By 1995, managed care plans had become the dominant form of health insurance and enrolled 73 percent of all Americans who wereRead MoreSignificamt Health Care Event Essay820 Words   |  4 PagesSignificant Health Care Event Violet Sowell HCS/ 531 Feburary 4, 2013 Regina Phelps Significant Health Care Event In the paper the topic to be discussed is a significant healthcare event. There are many events that have an impact on healthcare. The significant event that will be discussed in more detail is managed care. The main points to be discussed in further details are how managed care relates to the changes in health care, has managed care impacted the historical evolution of healthRead MoreSignificant Health Care Paper792 Words   |  4 PagesSignificant Health Care Event Krista Jex 531 August 19, 2013 Tracy Miller Significant Health Care Event Health care has been inclined by several significant events that have occurred throughout history. Change is the primary focus on what has shaped health care and continues to by pain of improvement, and to focus on the importance of our population and their needs. Though there are several influences politics, finance, culture, technology, health trends, and religions they all play a majorRead MoreThe Concept of Managed Healthcare810 Words   |  3 Pageselaborate preauthorization for all visits to the healthcare specialists. This must be done while improving the overall quality of care. This system is designed to effectively reduce all healthcare costs that are deemed unnecessary via a series of mechanisms such as economic incentives for the specialists and the patients being given the opportunity to select forms of care that are less costly. Other mechanisms are increased level of beneficiary cost sharing, establishment of various cost sharing mechanismsRead MoreHlt 314v Week 1 Com plete Assignment and Dqs1189 Words   |  5 Pagesallied health care profession and provide a description of the jobs and services provided by that profession. Research regulatory or professional organizations that serve the profession you chose, and describe an area in which the profession seeks to improve or expand. In what other ways might the profession grow to better serve the ever-changing health care population? HLT 314V WEEK 1 DISCUSSION 2 Select and describe one of the key factors that influenced the evolution of the U.S. health care delivery

Public Relations Concepts Management Function

Question: Discuss about the Public Relations Concepts for Management Function. Answer: Introduction: Public relations refers to an unmistakable management function that builds up and keeps shared lines of correspondence, comprehension, acknowledgment and collaboration between an association and its publics. It includes the administration of issues or issues. Through public relations, the administration can keep educated choices and gets to be receptive to popular supposition. It additionally characterizes and underlines the obligation of administration to serve general society interest and use exploration, sound, and moral correspondence as its primary instruments (Erjavec, 2005). The principal public relations utilized by MediShield Life was the utilization of campaigns. These comprise of deliberate, single-reason purpose program, typically on a less elaborate scale, utilizing facilitated reputation through an assortment of media, pointed, at various targets, however focussed on and aimed at various objectives. The second public relations incorporates lobbying. It involves the effort of impact, smooth and measured weight on other, activity of influence cum-weight (Hrebiniak, 2005). Generally, it implies a group putting its perspectives forward trying to win alternate group support. For powerful usage of the Public Relations objective, a Public Relations system is to be developed. The best procedure of technique begins with arranging key aspects such as: deciding key results range; characterize parts; selecting and setting destinations; getting ready activity and finally identifying with programming, booking, planning, altering, responsibility and building up tenets and systems (Jelen, 2008). MediShield Life Insurance was a startup free protection organization with one and only area. It as though MediShield Lifes management needed to recount their story and manufacture their own developing image. As a startup with huge objectives, MediShield Life has found effective Public Relations since the management felt that the PR adoption could instantly effect MediShield Lifes development and could scale with the organization as it turned into a noteworthy player in the autonomous protection office field. MediShield Life has expanded its perceivability and novel offering through expanded development (Vercic White, 2012). The PR endeavours ventured into the protection business exchange media, concentrating on sharing the news of MediShield Life Insurance's quick development and exceptional free protection organization mode. Utilizing advertising will enable the firm to pick up indicated outsider supports that make new clients feel sure about calling enquiring from the firm regardi ng getting protection rates and data (Kukovica Mele, 2006). Therefore, there is need for the firm to attempt radio and TV channels, and share its product package offering online and through web journals and social networking destinations. Effective communication In examining effective communication, it is important for MediShield Life to be honest regarding the different covers they are presenting in the market as well as the need for the targeted clientele to adopt such packages. Affirmation is critical and it is essential to know where to take a stand. For accomplishing a desirable outcome, the message by MediShield Life message ought to be created legitimately and clearly, and ought to be revised and right. Since message dispersal includes time and effort for transmitting and accepting or retaining. Consequently, message ought to be sufficiently fresh to give data and in the meantime not possessing additional season of the recipients profitable time. The substance of the content ought to centre on the component of the message; decorations and elaborate dialect should be maintained at a strategic distance (Krishnamurthy Vercic, 2005; Vercic Tkalac, 2015). The viability of the message is reliant upon the above thr ee properties and even if one element is absent or negative, the outcome will likewise be negative or not according to the desires. Successful correspondence in PR implies connecting and touching individuals of various age groups, diverse demographics and distinctive social strata. Contingent upon the PR declaration one is making, the dialect should be tweaked by the audiences capacity. Social and moral ramifications- Customers of insurance agencies are spoilt for wealth. There exist are essentially excessively numerous choices to browse. Likewise, it is commonplace understanding that holding clients is less costly than gaining clients. MediShield Life was in this way entrusted with the command of ensuring that the clients are content with their offer. There are numerous thoughts regarding how this can be accomplished. What is essential is associating with clients. Whether it is about spreading data or awful news, a PR individual need to interface with clients in a manner that they really feel pleased to be connected with the association in great times and feel responsible and compassionate amid terrible times (Krishnamurthy Vercic, 2004). Ethics as a moral organization, MediShield Life had no goal of making false information to policyholders. The organization had its arrangements set up and attempted its level best to individuals by staying within the policies (Sriramesh, 2000). As far as bringing issues to light for MediShield Life are concerned, the most sensible communication models to utilize would be the Public Media model and the Events/Groups model (Sriramesh VercI, 2009). The key points of interest of open media are far reaching message presentation. This message dispersal is not required to be itemized or individual, only sufficiently expansive to expand the essential perceivability and consciousness of MediShield Life. The second phase of the PR crusade would be engaged upon Events/Groups. As displays and smaller than normal meetings held an adequate time after the underlying usage of general society media scope, when a fundamental picture and learning of MediShield Life has been generally settled into the brains of the publics (Nayden, 2009). The primary destinations of this stage are the exact spread of the message and the acknowledgment of the message on the group of clients, and a state of mind change inside crowds, where they intellectually c hoose to consider selecting for MediShield Life as a consequence of the PR campaign. Posting and organizing of data is to be disseminated- MediShield Life tried to educate general society about the new arrangement of the Government or association; and the adjustment in the current approach; the new plan advancement. It is significant to note public relations movement begins with distinguishing the message to be spread and organized (Ruler, Tkalac Vercic, 2008). Determining the current learning level or comprehending the view of the general population-MediShield Life did a brisk overview among the objective group of people in general to realise the best information level of the organizations affairs is wanting to start public relations process. MediShield Life needed to know whether the picture is certain, non-partisan or negative regarding the appraisal or with regard to terms of the assessment (Lah, Susjan Redek, 2010). Message and Media-After selecting the objective of the organization, the substance of the message should have to be produced. While building up the message, MediShield Life ought to remember the media in which it was going to use for dispersing that message. Television/Visual media were appeared to be successful for showing the exhibiting mindfulness (Lilly, Hashem Hughes, 2005). Execution of message and media-Based on the normal achieving level and target bunch, the financial backing was to be arranged and message transmitted through the suitable media's. Developing A Public Relations Plan Situation Analysis Despite the fact that my blog will cover comparative themes to others out there, I would need to make a solid, strong PR arrangement for that acts as an aide to you as I market my website and to empower me underline the one of my realistic goals about the substance I will distribute (Van Vercic, 2009). This will empower me to recognize how to advance my site viably and lay out reasonable objectives for the following three, six, and 12 months ahead. I will begin via hunting the net down web journals that are like mine. I will observe my online rivals and reveal routes (if there is any) to separate myself in an unexpected way. Target Audience My blog may not be big PR crusade for Target product, yet I would need to target clientele who might appreciate your substance and read it. When I make sense of the sexual orientation, age and demographics of your group of onlookers, you can advance your posts in like manner through the sorts of labels you utilize, who you tweet at and where you present connections on my content. I will not commit the error of picking an intended interest group that is excessively expansive. I have found that one of the greatest slip-ups brands and bloggers make is in their endeavour to be all things to all individuals. Not setting up a reasonable target gathering of people really does an insult to one's image. As I get clear about my group of onlookers, I can start to make sense of how to contact my gathering of people, and what to compose that will engage their fluctuated needs, interests and interests. Once the objectives are resolved and the target markets are recognized, I then proceed to decide the situating (by what means I will mark my products/service in terms of the content to the target markets) and informing (what content, pictures I will use to convey the condition). Strategy Development Strategies are the exercises that I will try to execute to complete every technique. Every strategy ought to help me answer the inquiry, what is the following stride should I take to accomplish the methodology? A key arrangement guarantees that there is a common comprehension of what I am attempting to accomplish, how I plan to do it, and how I am going to quantify for achievement (Moss, Vercic, Harris White, 2005). Once my goals are fully laid out and very much characterized, I will then put my imaginative intuition on top and conceptualize some cool methodologies to help me accomplish my targets. Every system ought to associate back to my target. When I set down clear targets, I should consider what inventive techniques I ought to utilize to guarantee that I effectively meet my goals. Suggestions- Choice of Tactics, Programme Calendar Rationale for Campaign Budget My final part of the arrangement is making sense of how to assess the achievement of the system. This will incorporate media impressions, Facebook page development or engagement, referral activity, or even a pre and post study to figure out what my group of people know or cherishe about my blog. One thing that always helps is to recollect to benchmark my present numbers before I start my system. Relationships with media, readers and brands ought not end in light of the fact that the story gets distributed or the campaign comes to an end. Since PR is a total procedure, I will keep developing any new and existing associations with editors and brands with a normal procedure (Podnar, Lah Golob, 2009). Solid connections build up believability and will make my occupation simpler whenever follow up is properly done. Staying in contact has never been so natural in the present era of technology. A quick email, tweet or a minor mention on a Facebook page can go far so stay in touch. Recommendations Public relations refers to a vital part of any strategy for success and useful for constructing a positive and ideal picture among partners of the organization. It is important to make a viable PR arrangement including objectives, systems, and strategies for spreading mindfulness among target gathering of people and building an association with them (Moloney 2000). It is crucial to recognize the estimation of the PR campaign by measuring its value after the crusade is over. Looking at the positive and the negative remarks given by the media, open and contenders on online journals and other social networking; participation of media and different partners in the occasions composed by the organization; and data solicitations and enquiries made with respect to the launch of the store (Villiger, 2010). Alongside this, the adjustment in the mindfulness and conclusion of open pre-launch and post-dispatch of my blog through reviews can help the organization to quantify the estimation of the PR campaign. Assessment is vital for measuring the estimation of the campaign, which is done through a few measures, for example, site hits, media space and consideration picked up amid the crusade (Lilly, Hashem Hughes, 2005). Effective PR Campaign Utilizing advertising helps a blogger to pick up approved outsider supports that make new clients feel certain about calling a blogger to get protection rates and data. Contingent upon bloggers objective business sector, you might need to send your official statements to the neighbourhood daily paper and free group papers. On the other hand, using radio and TV slots, and sharing your discharge online will prove effective in utilizing sites and online networking destinations (Vercic Tkalac, 2015). References Erjavec, K. (January 01, 2005). Hybrid public relations news discourse.European Journal of Communication,20(2), 155-179. Hrebiniak, Lawrence.(2005). Making strategy work: leading effective execution and change. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc., pp. 191-192. Jelen, A. (January 01, 2008). The nature of scholarly endeavours in public relations.Public Relations Metrics. Kukovica, T., Mele, I. (January 01, 2006). Public relations strategy. Conference Proceedings,141-146. Krishnamurthy, S., Vercic, D. (January 01, 2004). The innovativeness-needs paradox and global public relations: Some propositions on the need for international public relations subsidies.Media Asia, 3(1), 3-13. Lah, M., Susjan, A., Redek, T. (January 01, 2010). An institutionalist view of public relations and the evolution of public relations in transition economies.Javnost,17(2), 45-62. Lilly, J., Hashem, F., Hughes, A. (January 01, 2005). Public relations.Fire Prevention - Fire Engineers Journal. Moss, D., Vercic, D., Harris, P., White, J. (January 01, 2000). Innovation in public relations, public affairs and corporate communication.Innovation in Public Relations, Public Affairs and Corporate Reputation,7-13. Nayden, N. (January 01, 2009). A public world without public relations?.Javnost,16(4) 23-40. Podnar, K., Lah, M., Golob, U. (January 01, 2009). Economic perspectives on public relations.Public Relations Review,35(4), 340-345. Ruler, B. ., Tkalac, V. A., Vercic, D. (January 01, 2008). Public relations metrics: Measurement and evaluation - an overview.Public Relations Metrics,1-18. Van, D. M. A., Vercic, D. (January 01, 2009). Public relations, public diplomacy, and strategic communication: An international model of conceptual convergence.The Global Public Relations Handbook,822-842. Vercic, D., Sriramesh, K. (January 01, 2000). A framework for understanding, and conducting, international public relations.Public Relations, Public Affairs and Corporate Communications in the New Millenium: the Future,175-184. Vercic, D., White, J. (January 01, 2012). Corporate public relations as a professional culture: Between management and journalism.Culture and Public Relations,237-242. Sriramesh, K., Vercic, D. (January 01, 2009). The mass media and public relations.The Global Public Relations Handbook,62-78. Vercic, D. (January 01, 2009). Public relations of movers and shakers: Transnational corporations.The Global Public Relations Handbook,795-806. Vercic, D., Tkalac, V. A. (January 01, 2015). Competitive public relations: What research tells us.Euprera 2015. Villiger, R. (January 01, 2010). Public relations.Schweizer Buchhandel,18(2),403- 404.

Reflections on the Concept of Egalitarianism

Introduction One of the foremost aspects of a post-industrial living is the fact that, as time goes by; the discourse on equality begins to affect socio-political dynamics in the world to an ever-higher extent. The validity of this statement can be well illustrated in regards to the rising popularity of left-wing Socialist parties in Latin America and Europe, for example. In its turn, this presupposes that the current state of affairs, in this respect, has been dialectically predetermined.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Reflections on the Concept of Egalitarianism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are several objective preconditions for the ideas of egalitarianism to continue growing increasingly attractive to more and more people. In this paper, I will aim to outline these preconditions, while promoting the idea that, even though the practical implementation of the equality-endorsing policies in many count ries has proven counter-beneficiary in the past, there are no good reasons to believe that this will continue to remain the case in the future. After all, the very laws of history do predetermine people’s ever-increased preoccupation with the ideas of egalitarianism, as such that provide additional momentum to the pace of the ongoing socio-cultural and technological progress in the world. Body of the paper When it comes to discussing the concept of equality/egalitarianism, it is crucial to understand what accounts for the ontological ground, out of which this concept emerged, in the first place. However, for people to gain such an understanding, they will need to acquire an in-depth insight into the very essence of the representatives of Homo Sapiens species, as virtually hairless primates, whose existential modes continue to be sharply defined by some purely animalistic instincts. One of these instincts is the sense of irrational greed and the desire to be able to enjoy a co mfortable living, while applying as less of an effort, as possible. In its turn, it explains why the professional careers of lawyers, diplomats and movie stars, for example, have traditionally been considered the most prestigious.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Individuals that pursue these careers can be defined as nothing short of highly paid ‘social parasites’, whose material well-being has nothing to do with them being de facto better than the rest of the citizens. Just as it happened to be within the case in the societies of primates, where alpha-males preoccupy themselves with the bellyful idling, at the expense of exploiting others, people driven by their animalistic instincts do not have any other purpose in life, other than exposing their presumed ‘superiority’ socially. Most commonly, they do it by the mean of affiliating themselves with l uxurious lifestyles or pretending to be in a position to afford to pursue such lifestyles – all for the sake of humiliating the society’s less fortunate members – hence, satisfying the subliminal desires of their animalistic ego. Very often, such their tendency assumes rather grotesque proportions. After all, it now represents a common practice among many disproportionately  wealthy individuals to go as far as embellishing toilet-seats in their yachts with gold and lighting up cigars with the thousand dollar bills – the media continually illustrate the validity of this statement. Nevertheless, it is not only that people are in essence hairless ‘monkeys’, but also ‘monkeys’ endowed with intellect. This is the reason why, it is in the very nature of ‘socially upstanding’ individuals to up come with social theories that justify people’s inequality, as a thoroughly natural state of affairs, so that less fortunat e citizens would be less likely to strive to attain a social prominence, as well – hence, endangering the interests of the rich and powerful. The emergence of neoliberalism, during the late 20th century, confirms the validity of the above statement. For example, as of today, it is not only that the concept of the ‘liberated free-market economy’, endorsed by neo-liberals, is now being referred to as not just one of the possible approaches to ensuring the vitality of economic relations within a particular society, but as only the legitimate one.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Reflections on the Concept of Egalitarianism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As Mawdsley pointed out, â€Å"Policies that further strengthen market incentives and market institutions are relevant for all economies – industrialized countries, emerging markets, and the developing world† (2007, p. 492). Nevert heless, even though that the general provisions of neoliberalism are formally concerned with keeping humanity on the path of progress, they subtly imply that it is only a limited number of people in the world, who may immediately benefit from the process. This could not be otherwise, because the proper functioning of free-market economies, advocated by the proponents of neoliberalism, as such that makes it possible for people to enjoy economic prosperity, can only be ensured at the expense of removing restrictions over the speculative capital’s free flow. In its turn, this flow creates objective preconditions for capitalists to grow less and less concerned about investing in the development of the economy’s technologically-intense and people-oriented sectors. This is because the paradigm of neoliberalism (which justifies people’s inequality) presupposes that it is so much easier for investors to make quick money out of thin air, such as by the mean of indulging in stock-exchange speculations, as opposed to making money in the economy’s industrial, technological or agricultural sectors. Therefore, there is nothing odd about the fact that the practical implementation of neo-liberal economic policies, throughout the world, resulted in widening a gap between the rich and poor – just as it happened in the countries of Latin America and Russia, during the 20th century’s nineties. What is particularly disturbing about the earlier mentioned development is that the process of the rich becoming more productive and the poor becoming poorer does not have anything to do with the existential worth of the latter being significantly lower. As such, this process can be best referred to as fundamentally unjust.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In plain words, those who justify people’s inequality are not being driven by the considerations of a rationale, on their part, but rather by their irrational longing to remain in the position of imposing dominance upon others – just for the sake of doing it, as such that has a value of a ‘thing in itself’. This alone exposes the sheer inappropriateness of the idea that it is impossible to create a socially fair society, in which individuals will be able to explore their existential potential to its fullest. This, however, is only one side of the medal. The other hand is being concerned with the fact that people’s strive towards equality cannot be discussed outside of what makes them human, in the first place. As it was mentioned earlier, there is an ancient ‘monkey’ residing within just about every person. Nevertheless, the very outset of the socio-cultural progress, which eventually allowed humans to become dominant species on Earth, was made possible by the fact that, along with being semi-animals, people can be simultaneously referred to as semi-gods. The validity of this suggestion can be shown in regards to people’s tendency to concern themselves with purely abstract subject matters, such as philosophizing on what is the true nature of the surrounding reality and what accounts for our place within it, for example – without deriving any immediate benefits, as a result. However, as we are well aware of, philosophy is being commonly referred to as the ‘mother of all sciences’. In its turn, science is what allows the continuation of the socio-cultural progress. Therefore, just as it happened to be the case with people’s tendency to indulge in abstract philosophizing, their innate attraction towards the concept of equality reflects their endowment with mostly an idealistic mindset, the workings of which have very little to do with what people happened to be, in the biological sen se of this word. Therefore, the phenomenon of idealistically minded people experiencing an unconscious urge to promote the concept of equality is nothing but the indication that they continue to evolve while becoming ever more distanced from their biological ancestors. As Nietzsche noted, â€Å"All beings hitherto have created something beyond themselves: and you want to be the ebb of that great tide, and would rather go back to the beast than surpass man?† (Nietzsche 2003, p. 8). Thus, there can be indeed only a few doubts that people’s fascination with the notion of equality correlates well with the objective laws of nature. Unfortunately, there have been many instances throughout history, when the advocates of equality used to prove themselves rather ineffective policy-makers. The decline of classical Marxism at the end of the 20th century confirms the full legitimacy of this suggestion. What predetermined Marxists’ failure, in regards to how they used to go about ensuring a social fairness within the society, is their unawareness of the fact that, even though it is in people’s very nature to remain committed to the values of a social egalitarianism, they can never be referred to as being de facto equal, regardless of the particulars of their place on the ladder of an evolutional development. For example, whereas, the average rate of citizens’ IQ in such countries as Nigeria and Equatorial Guinea accounts for 50, the average rate of citizens’ IQ in China and Japan accounts for 120 (Lynn Vanhanen 2002). This explains why, as the realities of a multicultural living in the West indicate, the governmentally sponsored measures to ‘equalize’ citizens artificially (such as by the mean of qualifying them to be able to take advantage of the ‘affirmative action’ policy) did not bring about the desired effects. The earlier deployed line of argumentation suggests the following: The notion of equality is discursively legitimate because it is nothing but an intellectual by-product of the process of people remaining on the path of progress; The practical implementation of the concept of social egalitarianism will prove most useful when ensuring people’s access to equal opportunities is being concerned; The state of citizens’ absolute equality can never be enforced by governmental decrees – especially if the latter does not take into considerations the Darwinian laws of evolution. In light of the above suggestions, it appears that it is precisely the ‘theory of justice’ by John Rawls, which can be regarded as such that contains discursively legitimate insights, as to how a particular society can function in accordance to the principle of ‘social fairness’, without having its developmental momentum slowed down, as a consequence. The main provisions of Rawls’s theory, in this respect, are as follows: Every citizen is endowed wit h the same scope of freedoms and responsibilities, as it happened to the case with his or her co-citizens; Social and economic inequalities within the society must be organized in such a manner so that they serve the purpose of benefiting the least privileged citizens; The disparity in question cannot disproportionately affect the well-being of the representatives of particular social strata, within the society (Rawls 1971). In its turn, these provisions stress out that the principle of ‘equality of opportunities’ represents the fundamental discursive foundation, while defining the qualitative essence of the dynamics within a particular society. The mentioned provisions also stipulate that citizens’ freedom cannot be guaranteed by the mean of undermining the extent of their economic prosperity and that there are certain circumstances, under which people’s social rights can be limited, as the prerequisite for them to be able to enjoy social freedoms in the long run. According to Rawls, the society that functions by his major principles of ‘social justice’ is virtuous, by definition. While living in the ‘socially fair’ community, its members naturally grow affiliated with the actual philosophy of its existence, which in turn increases the measure of the society’s overall stability. The implementation of Rawlsian ‘justice principles’ does not prevent the society’s members from being able to attain self-actualization but on the contrary – it makes them more socially ‘equipped’, within the context of how they go about exploring the full extent of their existential uniqueness. Given the earlier outlined provisions of the Rawlsian ‘theory of justice’, we can well speculate on how the ‘society of equal opportunities for all’ may be organized. The following are only the most essential considerations, in this respect. First, society’s fun ctioning is based upon the principle of a ‘social contract’. This contract is being freely agreed upon by citizens and reflects their ability to rationalize their self-interests, within the framework of the given social settings. The essential part of the contract in question is that it presupposes the society members’ willingness to surrender some of their constitutionally guaranteed rights and freedoms, to reduce the chances of the society’s disintegration, due to the forces of entropy. Second, there can be no institutionally upheld explicit or implicit restrictions, in regards to the citizens’ undisputed right to take full advantage of the prospects of social advancement, to which they are being entitled, as the contract signatories. In its turn, this presupposes that in the Rawlsian society, there can be no privately-owned educational institutions, to which only financially well-off young people may qualify for enrollment. The citizens’ à ¢â‚¬Ëœrights of advancement’ cannot also be limited due to what happened to be the specifics of the ethnocultural affiliation, on the part of the concerned individuals. Third, even though that the society’s institutions are there to ensure that it does turn meritocratic, there is nevertheless an absolute consensus among citizens, as to what should be considered the indication of a particular citizen’s qualification to hold high governmental offices. The most apparent indication, in this respect, would be the concerned person’s endowment with the idealistic mentality, which in turn should make him or her naturally inclined to serve others, as the foremost priority in its life – hence, making sure that this person is not prone to corruption. Fourth, the legislative functions are delegated to ‘senators’, which are being periodically elected by a popular vote. To be qualified for the prospect of being elected ‘senators’, citiz ens must prove their ability to put the overall interests of the society above their ones, or the corporate interests of a particular social class that they represent. Having served in the Armed Forces for no less than five years, while always facing the risk of being killed at the frontline, will be considered as the most legitimate indication of the potential office-seekers’ ability to benefit the society if elected. Fifth, both: executive and judicial functions are delegated to the members of the ‘Order of Justice’ – an order-type organization, which recruits young people from all the society’s strata, regardless of what happened to be the specifics of their socio-economic affiliation. The order members’ primary function is to exercise control over ‘senators’, while making sure that the latter does not advance their agendas, at the expense of the society’s less privileged members. Before being given the order’s f ull membership, recruits are being put through rigorous training (lasting for no less than ten years) and required to pledge their willingness not to get married, for them to remain unsusceptible to the temptations of everyday living. After having reached the age of sixty, order members can retire and to get married/adopt children. Sixth, the functioning of the society’s economy adheres to the free-market economic principles. At the same time, however, order members exercise control over entrepreneurs, so that the latter never allow their sense of blind greed to define their business-choices. For an individual to obtain a ‘business license’, he or she would have to agree to pledge no less than 40% of the potential generated income to charities. Seventh, the most critical decisions, in regards to the society’s functioning (such as defining the rate of taxation) are being made by the mean of citizens casting their votes, during all-national referendums. If i mplemented practically, the considerations mentioned above will simultaneously result in both: ensuring people’s equal access to the opportunities of social advancement and creating objective preconditions for the ‘society of equal opportunities’ to remain thoroughly stable and yet in the state of a continual evolvement. Conclusion I believe that the earlier deployed line of argumentation, regarding the fundamental essence of the concept of a social egalitarianism, in general, and how this concept can be realized practically, in particular, is entirely consistent with the paper’s initial thesis. There is indeed a sound rationale in thinking that the very emergence of the ideals of egalitarianism and their necessary incorporation into the framework of currently  dominant socio-political discourses has been objectively predetermined. In its turn, this presupposes that, as time goes on, people will be growing increasingly preoccupied with contemplating how these ideals can become the integral parts of their everyday living. References Lynn, R Vanhanen, T 2002, IQ and the wealth of nations, Greenwood Publishing Group, Westport. Mawdsley, E 2007, ‘The millennium challenge account: neoliberalism, poverty and security’, Review of International Political Economy, vol. 14. no. 3, pp. 487-509. Nietzsche, F 2003 (1885), Thus spake Zarathustra: a book for all and none, Algora Publishing, New York. Rawls, J 1971, A theory of justice, Harvard University Press, Harvard. This essay on Reflections on the Concept of Egalitarianism was written and submitted by user Phasma to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Comparison of Private and Public Schools

Comparison of Private and Public Schools Are you someone who is considering whether or not private schools are better than public schools? Many families want to know more about the differences and similarities between private and public schools, and weve outlined several of the differences and similarities for you here. Whats Taught Public schools must adhere to state standards regarding what can be taught and how it is presented. Certain subjects such as religion and sexual practices are taboo. Rulings in many court cases over the years have determined the scope and limits of what can be taught and how it is presented in public school. By contrast, a private school can teach whatever it likes and present it in any way it chooses. Thats because parents choose to send their children to a specific school which has a program and educational philosophy with which they are comfortable. That doesnt mean that private schools run wild and dont provide a quality education; they still undergo rigorous accreditation processes regularly to ensure that they are providing the best educational experience possible. However, there is a similarity. As a rule, both public and private high schools require a certain number of credits in core subjects such as English, mathematics, and science in order to graduate. Admission Standards While public schools must accept all students within their jurisdiction with few exceptions. Behavior is one of those exceptions  and really bad behavior which must be well-documented over time. A private school, on the other hand, accepts any student it wishes to according to its academic and other standards. It is not required to give a reason why it has refused to admit anyone. Its decision is final. Both private and public schools use some kind of testing and review transcripts to determine the grade level for new students. Accountability Public schools must comply with a host of federal, state and local laws and regulations including No Child Left Behind, Title I, etc. The number of regulations with which a public school must comply is vast. In addition, public schools must also comply with all the state and local building, fire and safety codes just as the private schools must. Private schools, on the other hand, must observe federal, state and local laws such as annual reports to the IRS, maintenance of state-required attendance, curriculum and safety records and reports, compliance with local building, fire and sanitation codes. There is plenty of regulation, inspection, and review of the operations of both private and public schools. Accreditation Accreditation is generally required for public schools in most states. While accreditation for private schools is optional, most college prep schools seek and maintain accreditation from the major accrediting organizations. The process of peer review is a good thing for both private and public schools. Graduation Rates The rate of public school students graduating high school is actually on the rise since 2005-2006, maxing out at 82% in 2012-2013, with about 66% of students going on to college. A variety of factors come into play which results in that relatively low matriculation rate. The drop-out rate in public schools tends to have a negative effect on matriculation data, and many students who enter into trade careers tend to enroll at public schools rather than private, which decreases the rate of students who go on to college. In private schools, the matriculation rate to college is typically in the 95% and up range. Minority students who attend a private high school are more likely to attend college than minority students who attend public school according to NCES data. The reason why most private high schools do well in this area is that they are generally selective. They will only accept students who can do the work, and they tend to accept students whose goals are to continue in college.   Private schools also offer personalized college counseling programs to help students find the best fit colleges for them.   Cost Funding differs greatly between private and public schools. Public schools are not allowed to charge any tuition fees in most jurisdictions at the elementary level. You will encounter modest fees in high schools. Public schools are funded largely by local property taxes, though many districts also receive funding from state and federal sources. Private schools charge for every aspect of their programs. Fees are determined by market forces. Private school tuition averages about $9,582 per student according to Private School Review. Breaking that down further, private elementary schools tend to be $8,522 a year, while secondary schools average nearly $13,000. The average boarding school tuition, however, is $38,850, according to College Bound. Private schools take no public funding. As a result, they must operate with balanced budgets. Discipline Discipline is handled differently in private schools vs public schools. Discipline in public schools is somewhat complicated because students are governed by due process and constitutional rights. This has the practical effect of making it difficult to discipline students for minor and major infractions of the schools code of conduct. Private school students are governed by the contract which they and their parents sign with the school. It clearly spells out consequences for what the school considers unacceptable behavior. Safety Violence in public schools is a top priority for administrators and teachers. The highly-publicized shootings and other acts of violence which have taken place in public schools have resulted in the application of stringent rules and security measures such as metal detectors to help create and maintain a safe learning environment. Private schools are generally safe places. Access to campuses and buildings is carefully monitored and controlled. Because schools usually have fewer students than a public school, it is easier to supervise the school population. Both private and public school administrators have your childs safety on top of their list of priorities. Teacher Certification There are some  key differences between private and public schools regarding Teacher Certification. For example, public school teachers must be certified by the state in which they are teaching. Certification is granted once statutory requirements such as education courses and teaching practice are met. The certificate is valid for a set number of years and must be renewed. In most states, private school teachers can teach without a teaching certificate. Most private schools prefer teachers to become certified as a condition of employment. Private schools tend to hire teachers with a bachelors or masters degree in their subject.   Article edited by  Stacy Jagodowski

Requerimientos de ingresos para patrocinar green card

Requerimientos de ingresos para patrocinar green card Si usted es ciudadano estadounidense o residente permanente legales y est en el proceso de solicitar una green card para uno o varios de sus  familiares, tendr que demostrar recursos econà ³micos suficientes. Si no puede hacerlo, la peticià ³n ser denegada. Pero,  ¿quà © cantidad de dinero se considera suficiente? La respuesta viene fijada por la ley y va a depender de: nà ºmero de personas que conforman su familia, de dà ³nde se vive y tambià ©n de si se tiene la condicià ³n de militar en activo o no. En este artà ­culo se resuelven esas inquietudes. Adems, se informa sobre quà © se puede computar como ingresos para obtener la cantidad que se pide, en quà © momento hay que demostrar dichos ingresos y, por à ºltimo, quà © se puede hacer si no se ingresa la cantidad requerida. Requerimientos de ingresos para patrocinar la green card a un familiar Los requerimientos financieros  son distintos segà ºn las categorà ­as: Familia Militares Alaska Hawaii Resto estados y PR 1 $11,880 $18,550 $17,087.5 $14,850 2 $16,020 $25,025 $23,037.5 $20,025 3 $20,160 $31,500 $28,987.5 $25,200 4 $24,300 $37,975 $34,937.5 $30,375 5 $28,440 $44,450 $40,887.5 $35,550 6 $32,580 $50,935 $46,887.5 $40,725 7 $36,730 $57,300 $52,787.5 $45,912.5 8 $40,890 $63,900 $58,762.5 $51,112.5 Cà ³mo entender la tabla   Existe una categorà ­a para militares en activo que son miembros del Army, los Marines, la Guardia Costera, las Fuerzas Aà ©reas o la Navy deben tener ingresos que equivalen al 100 por 100 de la cantidad fijada como là ­nea   o umbral de la pobreza, que es una cantidad que fija cada aà ±o el gobierno. Y es la que aparece en la tabla superior en la columna que dice: militares. Las diferencias corresponde al nà ºmero de miembros de la familia del solicitante. Para los que no son militares aplican cantidades distintas segà ºn el lugar en el que se radique. Asà ­, los patrocinadores que residen en Alaska deben probar ingresos por al menos el 125 por ciento de la là ­nea de la pobreza para ese estado, que ya est calculada para este aà ±o y es la que aparece en la tabla superior bajo el nombre de ese estado. Los mismo aplica a los residentes de Hawaii. Por à ºltimo, los patrocinadores que ni son militares ni residen en Alaska o Hawaii deben probar ingresos superiores al 125 por ciento de la là ­nea de la pobreza fijada por ley para lo que se conoce como los 48 estados continuos. Adems, esto  aplica tambià ©n a Washington D.C. y al estado libre asociado de Puerto Rico. Son las cantidades que aparecen en la tabla superior en la columna bajo Resto de los estados y PR (Puerto Rico).  ¿Cà ³mo se computan los ingresos para decidir si se cumplen con los requerimientos financieros? La forma ms rpida de saber si se tienen ingresos suficientes para patrocinar a un familiar es verificar la declaracià ³n de impuestos à ºltima (tax returns). Si se llenà ³ la planilla 1040 o la 1040A, checar la là ­nea de gross income. Si se completà ³ el formulario 1040EZ, verificar la de adjusted gross income. Son ingresos aquellos que proceden del trabajo, negocios, dividendos de acciones, intereses, desempleo, compensatoria por matrimonio (alimony) y tambià ©n la pensià ³n alimenticia por nià ±os (child support) o beneficios como recibir vivienda gratis por parte del empleador. Sin embargo, no se pueden considerar ingresos los que proceden de programas del gobierno calificados como means-tested. Es decir, cupones de alimentos, Medicaid, Ingresos Complementarios de Seguridad (SSI), Asistencia Temporal para Familias en Necesidad (TANF) y CHIP, un seguro mà ©dico para nià ±os. Es importante destacar que sà ­ se puede patrocinar a un familiar si se reciben uno o varios de esos beneficios calificados como means-tested. Lo que no se puede hacer es sumar esos ingresos al total de ingresos para asà ­ obtener la cantidad mà ­nima que pide la ley para patrocinar. Es decir, dicha cantidad hay que obtenerla sin la suma de lo que se recibe por benefiicios means-tested. Con respecto a los beneficios means-tested conviene resaltar una caracterà ­stica ms. Y es que si el patrocinador los recibe y su peticià ³n es aprobada tiene que tener en cuenta que si el patrocinado se beneficia de los means-tested el gobierno va a reclamar al patrocinador que se le regresen esos pagos. Adems, en relacià ³n a los ingresos conviene saber cà ³mo  afectan las deudas y el mal crà ©dito a los asuntos migratorios Si los ingresos no son suficientes,  ¿se pueden incluir otros bienes del patrocinado, como por ejemplo propiedades? La respuesta es sà ­, excepto en el caso de que el formulario que se emplee en la declaracià ³n de sostenimiento tambià ©n conocida como declaracià ³n jurada de patrocinio econà ³mico o por su nombre en inglà ©s de  affidavit of support, sea el I-864EZ. En todos los dems casos, sà ­ se puede. Los bienes que pueden utilizarse son todos aquellos que pueden ser fcilmente vendidos y convertidos en dinero. Es decir, viviendas u otros inmuebles raà ­ces, bonos o acciones. Se considera la cantidad que resulta de su valor despuà ©s de restar cargos como, por ejemplo, hipotecas. En este caso hay reglas diferentes sobre el valor que deben alcanzar. En el caso de patrocinio de adoptados que adquirà ­an la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense al ingresar al paà ­s, se pide que el valor de los bienes sea igual a la diferencia que existe entre los ingresos del patrocinador y los que se le pide por ley segà ºn el tamaà ±o de la familia. Sin embargo, si se trata del patrocinio de un ciudadano a su cà ³nyuge o a un hijo soltero menor de 21 aà ±os, el valor de esos bienes debe ser al menos 3 veces superior a la cantidad que existen de diferencia entre los ingresos del patrocinador y la cantidad que deberà ­a ingresar segà ºn el tamaà ±o de su familia. Y, finalmente, en todos los dems casos, el valor de esos bienes debe ser al menos 5 veces ms que la diferencia entre lo que el patrocinador est ingresando y la cantidad que se le pide por ley. Y si no es suficiente,  ¿se pueden incluir bienes y/o ingresos de la persona patrocinada? La respuesta es sà ­, pero con importantes limitaciones que se deben tener en cuenta. En el caso de los ingresos, por ejemplo, porque la persona que se pide est trabajando, se pueden tener en cuenta siempre y cuando sea là ³gico esperar que una una vez que obtiene la green card continà ºa recibià ©ndolos de la misma fuente de ingresos.    Adems, en este caso, si la patrocinada es una persona es distinta al cà ³nyuge del patrocinador, debe estar en la actualidad residiendo en el mismo hogar. Por ejemplo, una ciudadana americana se casa con un maestro que est en Estados Unidos trabajando como maestro con una visa H-1B y decide patrocinarlo para la green card. En este caso, si los medios econà ³micos de la ciudadana no son suficientes para patrocinar puede contar los de su esposo, si se espera que seguir trabajando para la misma escuela una vez que se convierte en residente. Sin embargo un caso muy distinto serà ­a el de una ciudadana casada con un maestro que trabaja en Mà ©xico. Aquà ­ no puede contar con esos ingresos del cà ³nyuge, porque una vez que el esposo obtenga la green card se mudarà ­a a Estados Unidos y dejarà ­a de tener esos ingresos. Por otro lado, sà ­ es posible contabilizar los bienes, como por ejemplo, propiedades o acciones, que la persona pedida tiene en el extranjero si se cumplen todos de los siguientes requisitos: pueda convertirse en dinero en   un plazo mximo de 12 meses se pueda ingresar ese dinero en Estados Unidos. Algunos paà ­ses no permiten el envà ­o de divisas al extranjero o ponen là ­mites, por lo tanto esto hay que tenerlo en cuentay finalmente, el valor neto de esos bienes debe ser al menos cinco veces ms grande que la diferencia entre los ingresos de la persona que pide y lo que por ley debe ingresar para poder patrocinar.   Lo que no se puede contabilizar para esta cumplir con la obligacià ³n de demostrar ingresos suficientes para patrocinar es una oferta firme de empleo diciendo que una vez que el patrocinado se convierte en residente tendr un trabajo. Sin embargo, esta carta sà ­ que puede ser interesante tenerla y mostrarla en el consulado no por la razà ³n de la que habla este artà ­culo sino para demostrar que no existe el problema de ser un riesgo de carga pà ºblica. Esto à ºltimo convierte a una persona en inadmisible y serà ­a causa de negar la green card.  ¿Existe la posibilidad de un co-patrocinador? En el caso en el que el patrocinador no puede cumplir con el requisito de ingreso puede buscar un co-patrocinador,   es lo que se conoce como joint sponsor. Esta persona tiene que saber claramente que asume responsabilidades legales al firmar como tal el affidavit of support. Adems, debe cumplir con una serie de requisitos: 18 aà ±os de edad o ms Ciudadano americano o residente permanente legal que tiene su domicilio habitual en uno de los 50 estados de los Estados Unidos o en sus territorios, como por ejemplo, el estado libre asociado de Puerto Rico.El co-patrocinador debe cumplir con el requisito de ingresos segà ºn el tamaà ±o de su familia Tambià ©n hay que destacar que el co-patrocinador no tiene que ser familiar ni del pedido ni de la persona que pide los papeles para su familiar. Y que incluso es posible tener ms de un co-patrocinador pero no ms de dos para el caso en los que se pide a un migrante con varios familiares incluidos en esa peticià ³n.   A tener muy en cuenta Segà ºn el tipo de peticià ³n, el momento de presentar el affidavit of support y la documentacià ³n de apoyo puede demorarse muchos aà ±os. Primero se aprueba el I-130 y luego tiene lugar una segunda fase, que puede ser un ajuste de estatus o un procedimiento consular. Es en esta segunda parte donde tiene que demostrarse que se cumple el requisito. No en la primera de peticià ³n mediante el I-130. Precisamente porque se tarda tanto en algunos tipos de peticiones, como muestra el boletà ­n de visas publicado por el Departamento de Estado, algunos patrocinadores pueden decidir desistir de la peticià ³n. Si se sigue adelante, es importante asesorarse con un abogado migratorio reputado si se tienen dudas sobre cà ³mo llenar las planillas del affidavit of support o cualquier otra. Y tener siempre presente que mentir en un formulario migratorio tiene consecuencias graves. Finalmente, es muy recomendable tomar este test de respuestas mà ºltiples sobre la green card porque aclara de forma sencilla dudas e inquietudes frecuentes sobre asuntos muy relacionados con la peticià ³n de la tarjeta de residencia y responsabilidades para mantenerla. Este artà ­culo es informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Advance Software Engineering Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Advance Software Engineering - Term Paper Example We need to incorporate the awareness regarding the state of the art in project management, risk assessment models and management, of the software development process. Here we will also spotlight the duties and responsibilities of a professional Software Engineer. This whole analysis of the situation will provide a better insight into to determining appropriate criteria against which to select development strategies for specific circumstances. As introducing the company (OF-FACsystems Ltd) we find out that this company established in 2002 as a small specialist software house. Initially the company has stared the software development through the â€Å"off-the-shelf† system development methodology. In the starting days of the business of the OF-FACsystems Ltd has not adopted some better project management and development methodologies, but they were successful in the overall customer satisfaction and client convenience. As time passed the company size evolved and now company has a more bigger and better working setup regarding the development and implementation of the software products. For taking a better competitive edge and capturing the overall local software development market we need to implement better systems development methodologies and procedures for the enhanced software working and quality. This report is aimed to provide a better and deep insight into the overall better methodologies implementation and incorporation in the organization working system development areas. This section will provide a better overview of the main quality assurance and implementation criteria for the enhanced awareness of quality assurance and QMS. These implementations of the quality assurance parameters in the organization system development areas will ensure the better working style and effective management of the software development projects. Here we need to develop a critical awareness in system developer

E-commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 4

E-commerce - Essay Example In this essay, the author claims that E-commerce often is the electronic commerce, its a kind of business in which the sale of products and solutions or both companies executed about electronic devices including the Web and other home PC networks to further improve institutional general performance. The development of e-commerce has reformed corporation across nations. From when it had been released, companies have taken gain it to, enhance essay online service products, improve their marketplace share, grow profitability and scale down shipping and delivery time. E-commerce was basically non-existent in most parts within the world. In the 21st century, rapid development of information technology and the rapid increase in information exchange have brought new drives and innovative ideas to the whole society. The wide adoption of information technology by the community has led to great changes. These changes are not simply in the context of data processing. They are changes which affe ct how we communicate with each other, how we organize our daily activities, how we educate the younger generation, and how we run the business. The development and wide adoption of information technology, computer network, and the Internet have transformed the mode of operation of many businesses, and at the same time have brought along unprecedented business opportunities. Businesses are now able to conduct transactions across geographical boundaries. One of the best essays on e-commerce. Hurry up and get your highest-A potential work just now!

Canadian International School and Asia Essay Example for Free

Canadian International School and Asia Essay There are certain things in life that are taken for granted. Some people would feel contented with what they have, while others would have a bigger yearning to become someone. Sometimes, what we yearn for in life becomes the very core of our existence, making us hardworking and persevering. My high school was spent in Asia, where I was exposed to numerous realities. I graduated from the Canadian International School and Asia, and I must say that I was provided with the necessary knowledge in order to become prepared for the real world. Eventually, I was given the opportunity to study at the NAME OF UNIVERSITY. The short time I spent there was enough for me to become equipped with the necessary knowledge that would allow me to follow my dreams. However, I believe that I would be able to spread my wings further if I studied at the NAME OF UNIVERSITY in Vancouver, Canada. For this, I am showing my interest in taking up NAME OF DEGREE from your university. Studying at the NAME OF UNVIERSITY would not come as a challenge, for I have been previously exposed to the Canadian way of teaching. In this regard, I would not have much difficulty adjusting to the culture, and instead become more proficient in class. I would become more comfortable with my environment, at the same time be able to express myself further in the best possible way that I can. As mentioned earlier, it is my belief that your university would become one of my keystones in achieving my goals in life. Although some would opt to think that the success of an individual is not based on the school, I beg to disagree. Some of the important factors to be learned in life are based on the foundation that institutions have inculcated in their students. Since I have been a product of a Canadian institution in high school, I wish to strengthen my knowledge and beliefs further with your help. Life is always about taking risks – these are the choices that we make in order to fulfill our dreams.

Essay --

On October 29th, 1929 the stock market crashed in the United States. This day was known as Black Tuesday, the day which signaled the beginning of the Great Depression. In the most tragic day in the American nation’s stock market history with major wipe outs in market, the values and prices of stocks plummeted due to shareholders liquidation of stocks which had to be sold at any price necessary (New York Times of October 30, 1929). By the year 1933, a quarter of American families, who were heavily dependent on their jobs, were unemployed. Unemployment levels had reached an unprecedented high level, adding hardship to the lives of the American people. Many people at that time were forced out of their homes and onto the streets as they lost their jobs or were forced to work at jobs which barely allowed them to provide food, much less payments on a house. Millions of people moved into what were commonly referred to as â€Å"Shanty towns† or â€Å"Hooverville’s†, as the president at the time was Herbert Hoover, who was not popular amongst the American people and was widely blamed for the start of the depression. City streets filled with breadlines, soup kitchen lines, people looking for food, and then the unemployment lines kept growing out the door and into the streets. The American men would leave their families to travel and look for employment in the farm lands across the countries in order to provide for their families. In some cases they would not come into contact with their family in months. This fractured the structure of family lives. The American people became quickly frustrated with the little to no improvement of the situation and the effort which President Hoover was putting into the relief of the economic situation. Come 1932 t... ...ad now fully become a part of the war effort. With the idea of isolationism long gone with the attack on Pearl Harbor, America quickly began to rise back to its feet still suffering from the Great Depression. The countries economy rose as well as the steel industry, companies such as Ford who closed their Rouge plant in Detroit which promised many jobs during the Great Depression responded to war production by creating jobs for thousands of Americans. With the building of naval ships, tanks and planes the economy of the United States began to notice a rapidly increasing economy. As seen in the chart below, American unemployment rates fell drastically from the years 1940 to 1945 which marked the end of the war. According to Robert S. McElvaine â€Å"The buildup of 1940-41 did more to relive American industry and reduce unemployment than had any New Deal Program† (320).

Security and Privacy in Workplace

1. 0 Introduction Whalen and Gates (2010), define monitoring differently in their article. They define it as a method and procedure of examining the workers in an organization and study their constant events intended to guarantee that together the protection of employees and requirements of the employer are met. Nearly all companies nowadays take videos of their employees, they read their emails and monitor their Web surfing. This can be done surreptitiously and some organizations are honest about it Chan et al. (2005). Privacy is one of the most important things that are immensely fitting to be something of the past.In general companies are permitted to observe employee activities by the courts. Private companies have been setting rules in situations when employees are taken into service for instance contracts that affirm that they will be monitoring employees’ use of the Internet or any company tools (Chieh and Kleiner, 2003). Efforts have been made in arrangement for laws t hat protect business and the employees, regrettably most current court cases have been deceiving evidence in the eyes of the magistrates thus confidentiality or privacy laws have been unsuccessful for employees.It has been recommended that government, big firms and industries and health care systems should have the capability to tape and study workers activities as it is a benefit to research and development for several years. Most legislation is the same opinion that laws should be set in place even though the breach of human rights forbid them from approaching the issue to a law level (Welebir and Kleiner, 2005). Sadly, comprehensible defenses of privacy opposed to security may never be evident from the view point of the law.Employers’ main apprehension is the decrease in productivity, virus attacks/ damaged equipment (i. e. computers), legal charges and loss of classifies data. Employees’ major worry is incursion of their privacy, mistreatment of control and precisi on in their work. A survey conducted in the year 2000, is that sixty two percent of the employees use Internet resources once a day for their private reasons and twenty percent of them use it for at least ten times.This is why employer is at unease because a large number of workers are using company property for their own use and not for the business purposes. According to Watson (2002) sopports the idea that productivity is what most companies are concerned about such that if employees use them for their own private uses it will negatively affect productivity. It is compulsory for them to put regulations and policies that will help them monitor employees and their activities during working hours.Some of the main things that companies use are telephone monitoring particularly when personal calls are made, electronic surveillance, drug testing and verification of emails sent externally for private reasons. Reasons why companies make use of policies is for the reason of a decrease in productivity , sensitive material which arise from unpleasant email usage, workplace accidents caused by prohibited drug use, employees bitterness over monitoring of computers and sexual harassment complaints prompted by dating among workmates. 2. 0 Research Objectives R01.To identify if security and privacy actions affect things like productivity in the workplace/organization R02. To state some of the security and privacy actions that some companies are implementing in the workplace R03. To analyze whether organizations nowadays are focusing more on prioritizing their security initiatives thus undermining their employees and their personal lives R04. To evaluate if companies are using the right tools, technologies and methods to maintain good quality security and privacy within their organization 3. 0 Research QuestionsRQ1. What do organizations hope to achieve by implementing security in their companies? RQ2. What effect does security and privacy actions have on productivity in th e organization? RQ3. Do organizations of nowadays focus more on prioritizing their security initiatives hence undermining their employees and their personal lives? RQ4. Do companies use the right methods, technology and tools when they choose security and privacy as a priority? 4. 0 Hypothesis H1. Security and privacy actions increase things like productivity in the workplace. H2.Telephone and email monitoring, monitored computer web use and surveillance cameras are some of the security actions that some organizations are implementing to their workers. H3. Organizations nowadays are more focused on prioritizing their security initiatives thus undermining their employees’ personal lives. H4. For a company to maintain good quality security and privacy within their organization they have to own the right tools, technologies and methods. Theoretical Framework Workplace performance Security and Privacy in the workplace Priorities of the company such as productivity and protectionT he independent variable is security and privacy implementation in companies and workplace performance is the dependent variable. Priorities of companies such as productivity and protection are the controlling variables to the results. 5. 0 Achievements gained From Implementing Security and Privacy in the Workplace Organizations hope to achieve a better performance from their employees when they implement security in the workplace. Most companies today in most parts of the world do observe their workers because they have reasonable reasons for doing so.Since employers are accountable for their employees they have to provide them with a safe and a secure workplace. By monitoring or surveilling employees, employers hope to achieve several things such as employee or customer satisfaction, protection of the company’s confidential information and prevent trade secrets from leaking out, non-offensive material from emails and the internet, high performance from the network and the sy stems and to boost employee productivity (Vorvoreanu and Botan, 2001). 5. Non-offensive material from emails and the Internet According to Lee and Kleiner (2003), employees are responsible for all their workers during employment hours such that even any of the workers happens to send offensive information/materials and they happen to offend the receiver, the employers are the ones who will be liable to this course of action. If the material that would have been sent is found offensive for certain then the company can be sued which can affect the companies’ reputation to a greater extent.To prevent such cases most companies have seen it fit to take the initiative of monitoring each and every email and web use by the employees. 5. 2 Prevention of trade secrets from leaking out According to Paciniet al. (2008), there are several physical actions that employees consider when doing an internal control to safeguard trade secrets of the company. Such actions include a restriction on accessing certain premises (use of key cards), locks for all file cabinets, surveillance equipment to see all movements and passwords for accessing computers.Monitoring employees especially when it comes to trade secrets boosts productivity because employees who have intentions to harm the organization are quickly detected and those who are loyal to the company will work to their maximum potential because they know that they are safe. 5. 3 High Performance from Network and the systems of the Company Companies do not only monitor their employees just to check if they are doing work properly. They also monitor them in order to know if the network and system performance is not being taken advantage of by being used for personal use hence a decrease in productivity.If a computer network is efficient it is of a great advantage because it increases productivity in the workplace. If a computer system is poor it can be a great loss to the firm because productivity can decrease which result s in loss of customers and profits. Most employers really consider the network bandwidth traffic; this is related to employees using the network for personal use . These activities include downloads which decreases network and systems performance, also sharing and use of large audio and video files, surfing the internet and personal emails which are of high volume.All these actions by employees can cause the network/system be attacked by viruses which may cause it to be disabled (Trim, 2005). Secondly, if the bandwidth is used for purposes that are not work-related somehow it would be an expense that could have been avoided and to make matters worse the expenses that are incurred do not contribute to the wellness of the firm (Strategic Direction, 2009). For example nowadays most organizations are seeking to adopt the Web 2. 0 technologies for the sake of privacy and security of their companies.This type of technology according to Almeida (2012), it enables the employers to prevent d ata loss which would have been caused by inappropriate use of social media applications such as YouTube, Skype during working hours will definitely increase productivity in the workplace. According to Doshi (2009), employer does believe in monitoring their employees because it is a fast and easy method of getting the job done. Productivity and profits increase because the employees will work efficiently and at ease hence a lot of work is done in a short period of time.When workers work efficiently the employees themselves is satisfied hence customers are satisfied as well (Chan et al. 2005). According to The Gazette (2008), Internet abuse is a rising problem that is costing Canadian businesses beyond sixteen billion dollars yearly in lost productivity and the amount is predicted to be eighty billion dollars in the United States. 6. 0 Security Actions That Most Organizations Are Implementing 6. 1 Drug Testing Most organizations do drug testing for security reasons.For companies that are doing drug test, they test mainly for alcohol and drugs separately and others test for both. Employees who come to do their job under the influence of drugs/alcohol may be a threat to other work-mates. Secondly, drug testing has increased because of a rise in health cost and an increase in the danger imposed by lawsuits which come from worker disease. Many companies are involved with drug testing their employees because it is one of the best ways for solving medical and economic problems (Jardine-Tweedie and Wright, 1998) .According to Lu and Kleiner (2004), if the drug testing by the employer is legal and correctly does things according to the law of that particular state then the company will have to look forward to higher profits. High profits are obtained because the employee will be more productive, higher level of morale, a low rate of absenteeism, low health care and fewer injuries are encountered during working periods. 6. 2 Electronic Surveillance Computers are changing rapidly nowadays especially in the workplaces such that monitoring employees by electric equipment is more common.Surveillance cameras/ CCTV is another means used by employers to monitor their employees, they are always aware of all the activities that take place in the organization and surrounding areas. According to Chen and Park (2005), monitoring employees regularly would reduce cases of spies in the organization getting away with their actions. Such cases are few because these â€Å"spies† are aware that they are being watched thereby lose interest to do any illegal actions that will jeopardize their identity (Lu and Kleiner, 2004).Next, management’s main objective is to increase productivity and gain more profit hence they believe monitoring employees’ will improve their productivity levels for the better and an assurance of service of high quality. Chieh and Kleiner (2003) states that employers can use information they get from the cameras to find out th ings that are going wrong in the workplace or find out reasons why productivity is decreasing. For example, an employer can discipline workers who may have been wasting their working hours on their own interest based from the information obtained from monitoring.From this employees are bound to focus more on their assigned duties rather than waste time during working hours. Surveilling employees also motivates them to work even harder than they have been doing (Lee and Kleiner, 2003). Managers can somehow conduct a performance evaluation of their employees whereby they will be able to give a feedback to the employees’ and explain which parts needs correction. From monitoring they are able to dictate the type of employees who are hard-working and those who need help.Employers are also able to detect mistakes the employees are making and from this it will be easy to assist them and correct them. 6. 3 Emails, Voicemails/Telephone calls, Files and Web/Internet use monitoring Many companies monitor employees’ emails, files, voicemails and internet use for various reasons. The number of companies who practice this type of monitoring has increased over the past years (Cox et al, 2005). Employers proclaim that by monitoring employees email, voicemails/telephone calls that way they can be certain that they do not contain any materials that can offend the receiver.Email monitoring is when employers monitor all emails that are going in and out for security purposes to make sure that employees are not disclosing employment or business confidential information. They may monitor as well to check if employees are not harassing other coworkers. Telephone monitoring is a system of managing calls and observing service by the employees. This type of surveillance is used to monitor employees when they make or receive calls and they can gather information on how the employees are performing.Internet use monitoring is when managers take the initiative to observe all t he steps of their employee’s online tracks. Sixty percent of the firms in the United States of America gain from the complex technology and they opt to monitor the workers activities on the Internet (Ciocchetti, 2010). In cases that they are in such situations whereby a worker sends offensive material employees are able to deal with the accused accordingly based on the proof of recorded conversations/videos.For example, Xerox Company fired forty employees who were caught viewing Pornography sites on the internet during working hours (The Register, 2000). Employers have been monitoring all its employees all over the world (ninety-two thousand in total) by taking records of every web site opened. The main reasons why they were fired is because they spent most of their working hours on issues that were not related to their company and also viewing pornographic sites may have been offending material to coworkers.Companies have installed different types of technologies just to mon itor their employees’ activities. Examples include software that filters specific content of information to prevent it from leaving the firm which may lead to the disposal of company secrets. Other types of software used by companies are those that can monitor log-on and off times so that employers can see if workers are wasting time on issues that are not company related.Monitoring of emails, voicemails, files and Web use is believed to be another way that makes it certain that employees will work efficiently and possess productive work habits. Productive work habits boosts efficiency which increases productivity thus perfecting customer service. According to Welebir and Kleiner (2005), the worry for organizations is to keep up with the aspect of having power over production and encouraging utilization of the Internet as a priceless resource.A survey conducted by IntelliQuest Information group revealed that there was an increase in private use of the Internet at work. The re sults signified that the use of had grown from 6. 9 hours to 9. 8 hours for every week prior to the last year and about fifty seven million workers access Internet from their workplace for private use. Further information provided by the study was that the number of workers seemingly receiving classified information from competitors has increased from 9. 2 percent to 24. percent within a year. Moreover workers are getting emails with attachments, roughly one fifth of the workers have reported receiving insulting email from an inner source and only a third to confess spending more time on the Internet for personal use. States do not have the same policies for monitoring and governing websites viewed by the residents. States like China, Vietnam and Singapore does not only block sites for pornography they also ban access to linguistic and political issues (Hechanova and Alampay, 2010). 7. Prioritizing Security and Privacy Ignores Employees’ Personal Lives Opponents of implementi ng security and privacy in the organization state that organization nowadays are too concerned with their own company interests and its prosperity thus forgetting that their employees do have personal lives. Installing electronic cameras that will be watching their activities all day when they are at work, monitoring emails and phone calls is making companies seem as if they are forgetting that their employees have a life to live (Dubbeld, 2004).This side of the coin feels that staff is at liberty to confidentiality when they are using the Internet. Employees argue that as they are allowed to breaks, lunch hours or other selectedperiods where they are not liable to any duties but still in the building they should have the freedom to do things like checking their e-mail, do their banking or shopping and maybe just browse the Internet on free time. Everyone is entitled to some privacy no matter where they are so they argue that they should be able to do this during their free time wit hout anyone monitoring all their movements.Secondly, employees do not consider it as monitoring productivity when companies even observe staff in the toilet or relaxing areas of the office. Some employees consider it as an intrusion and they have lawful hope that they can maintain their personal lives private. Undermining workers privileges to confidentiality by surveillance and monitoring is not the only problem that employees face. It also generates high levels of stress and nervousness which to higher chances may lead to poor health of workers and a reduction in performance.Examples of physical wellbeing problems which may be caused by monitoring are repetitive Strain Injury and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome from performance monitoring by the company for instance keyboard strikes. To add on, employees believe thatthey are individuals who can make their own decisions hence it is their right to be treated as proficient andindependentpeople. Guaranteeing their individual development and pe rformance that can be valued is what they believe they can achieve if they are treated as independent people thus they consider surveillance as violating their privacy (Ahmed, 2007).Workers argue that as long as individual e-mail does not hinder or conflict with business life, it should be permitted. Employees also argue that phone calls take more time than writing an e-mail and also that they should be given time to do individual matters because it can reduce the rate of absenteeism. Most employees have suggested that as long as there is a realistic limit on this practice of monitoring emails, there is no reason for fear but in situations where someone does something unusual then they will have to be dealt with (Kierkegaard, 2005).Even if employees are informed that they are being monitored and in agreement that they are using company property they still feel that their employers’ are not respecting the fact that besides working for tem they also have personal lives which st ill go on whether they are working or not. 8. 0 Better results can be achieved by using the right tools, technologies and methods For a company to maintain good quality security and privacy within their organization they have to own the right tools, technologies and methods.A company cannot just instill a rule/wake up one morning with intentions of monitoring all the activities of their employees and expect high productivity. Companies have to follows certain regulations to install such things as software that monitors an employees’ Internet use and all phone calls, drug testing and electronic surveillance. A cautiously worded policy that informs employees concerning the necessity of surveillance in the company will be the most probable way that it can gain acceptance or support for workplace monitoring from them (Watson, 2002).According to Mei-ShaChieh and Kleiner (2003), as regards to other forms of monitoring, it is vital that all forms of surveillance should not be unreas onably intrusive. The methods that employer’s use when they consider monitoring employees should be practical because if they are not deemed like that then the company can encounter problems such as rebellious employees; which may cause a decrease in performance. Arnesen and Weis (2007) critically supports the idea that Employers must know that it would not be irrationally intrusive to observe what an employee does in public; however it might be intrusive to observe the employee’s behavior hen they are in private places such as the toilet. For example, it may be practical to take pictures of employees when they are at work to observe productivity. However, it may unreasonable to put transparent panels in the ceiling of an employee lavatory. Moreover, if convincing conditions state the use of cameras in locker rooms or other private areas, they are supposed to have signs warning employees they are there. Next, Kierkegaard (2005) states the some of the international regu lations and codes that organizations should take note of when they decide to prioritize security and some form of privacy in their workplace.The International Labor Office (ILO) has issued a Code of Practice on the Protection of worker’s personal data† and it is anticipated to give assistance on the safeguard of workers’ private data. The most important requirements of the Code include issues like using individual data legally and justly only for reasons that are directly applicable to the employment of the staff and for the reasons which they were gathered for in the first place. Employers should by all means necessary not keep insightful private information of employees and all employees should be well-informed before such events take place in the organization.They should be informed of any kind of monitoring that especially the ones that involve personal data collection. However, the information obtained from monitoring them should not be the only issues when doing a performance appraisal. Companies have a duty to safeguard private documents against any kind of a loss, unapproved access, usage, changes or exposure. Employees must have admission to their entire personal information and all rights to scrutinize and get a copy of all the archives.Revealing an Internet supervising policy is an essential element in an organization. Workers ought to be up to date with the type of activities that would be supervised, the regularity monitoring and how the management will be informed of the activity. If the organization verifies how the employees use their Internet then they must be informed and if the company retains deleted information for reasons like security when they should be informed about it (Welebir and Kleiner, 2005). The staff should not have beliefs that their actions on the Internet are confidential.Even though companies do not want to present the idea that they are monitoring each word they key in and mouse clicks on the Internet, it is compulsory to tell employees that they do not own any personal confidential rights when they are using the company Internet. 9. 0 Research Design and Methodology The impact of implementing security and privacy in the workplace and the effect it has on performance in the firm is an ontological study which takes a subjectivism view because security and privacy is created from the perception that workplace performance might be positively or negatively affected.The research is more of an explanatory studywhich is a deductive approach where Saunders et al. (2006), defines deductive astestinga concept in which the researcher cultivates the concept and assumption and design a research plan to test the assumption. The research strategy that is suitable for this study is survey because according to Saunders et al. (2006), it is usually related to a deductive approach and since we are using companies it is a tactic commonly used in businesses.I believe the research choice suitable for t he study is a multi-method qualitative study whereby semi-structured interviews and questionnaires can be used for data collecting. Time horizon that can be used is a longitudinal study where according to Saunders (2006), the researcher embarks on a study at numerous facts in time in order to answer a research question. For reliability and validity sake to how security and privacy affect workplace performance several times of embarking on such a question will provide accurate results. Physical access is the one suitable for my study since I am an external researcher.Access would be granted from the management of all the companies that are to be used for the study and gaining an informal access from all the employees for accurate results. One of strategies that can be used to gain this access is that the project will benefit the company in one way or the other. Research ethics that should be maintained during data collection stage are confidentiality and anonymity. Furthermore, the s ampling method technique I used is probability specifically cluster sampling is what I would consider because there are specific types of jobs that make use of surveillance cameras, computers (with internet) and telephones. . 1 Possible Results Based on the literature analysis, H1 can be accepted because by implementing security in the workplace it can work in two ways. Firstly, protects the business from competitors and can be used when evaluating employees. H2 can also be accepted because not only American companies use Surveillance cameras, do telephone and Internet monitoring, companies in Europe and in countries like China, Vietnam, Philippine, Australia also do the same. H4 is acceptable because for the policy of applying security and privacy to work companies have to follow proper procedures.However H3 will remain debatable in the sense that in every topic that arises there is always going to be a group of people who will rebut the idea. It is acceptable only when the company does not communicate the use and the reasons behind the monitoring. 10. Conclusion Based on the evidence and facts from the literature review which provided various perspectives about security and privacy it can be concluded that monitoring employees can result in something noble or something unscrupulous.For example, emails and surfing the Internet can be a disruption but at the same time the feeling of being watched regularly can also be a disruption. Law of privacy has to balance employee interest against those of the employers and more prominently it must center on the important concepts of human self-esteem. Information technology has assisted firms to enlarge their productivity and efficiency but the misuse of the Internet has steered firms to monitor all communications operated electronically to guard their companies and limit legal responsibilities.Nowadays two major developments to be concerned about in regards to electronic surveillance is the great concern for employee p rivacy and the increased cases of employers being caught accountable for workers’ misbehaviors of electronic communication. Although the courts are in support of employers they must be alert about the workers’ rights though shielding the firms’ interests. Words 4 282 References Ahmed, S. ( 2007). Analysis of Workplace Surveillance In a Quest for an Ethical Stance. Journal of Business Systems, Governance and Ethics, Vol 2,No. 4. Almeida, F. 2012). Web 2. 0 Technologies and Social Networking Security Fears in Enterprises’’, International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,Vol. 3, No. 2, Amicus Guide. (2005). Amicus Guide to Privacy at Work. Privacy at Work. [Online]. Retrieved on 19 March 2012 from: http://www. amicustheunion. org/pdf/PrivacyatWork. pdf Arnesen, D. W and Weis, W. L. (2007). Developing an Effective Company Policy For Employee Internet And E-Mail Use. Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict, Vo lume 11, No. 2,pp. 53-65. Chen, J. V and Park, Y. 2005) â€Å"The role of control and other factors in the electronic surveillance workplace†, Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society, Vol. 3 Iss: 2, pp. 79 – 90. Ciocchetti, C. A. (2010). The Eavesdropping Employer: A Twenty-First Century Framework for Employee Monitoring. [Online]. Retrieved on 19 March 2012 from: http://www. futureofprivacy. org/wpcontent/uploads/2010/07/The_Eavesdropping_Employer_%20A_Twenty-First_Century_Framework. pdf Cox, S; Goette, T. and Young, D. (2005). Workplace Surveillance and Employee Privacy: Implementing an Effective Computer Use Policy, Volume 5 Issue 2. Dubbeld, L. 2004) â€Å"Limits on surveillance: Frictions, fragilities and failures in the operation of camera surveillance†, Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society, Vol. 2 Iss: 1, pp. 9 – 19. Guha, M. (2008). â€Å"The Visible Employee: Using Workplace Monitoring and Surveillance to Protect Information Assets without Compromising Employee Privacy or Trust†, Library Review, Vol. 57 Iss: 9, pp. 746 – 747 Hechanova, R. M. and Alampay, E. A. (2010). Monitoring Employee Use of the Internet in Philippine Organizations’’, The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries, Volume 40 Issue: 5, pp. -20. Kierkegaard, S. (2005). Privacy in Electronic Communication. Watch your e-mail: your boss is snooping. Computer Law & Security Report,†Vol. 21 Iss: 3, pp. 226-236. Lee, S. and Kleiner, B. H. (2003). â€Å"Electronic surveillance in the workplace†, Management Research News, Vol. 26 Iss: 2/3/4, pp. 72 – 81. Mei-ShaChieh, C. and Kleiner, B. H. (2003),†How organisations manage the issue of employee privacytoday†, Management Research News, Vol. 26 Iss: 2 pp. 82 – 88. Petrovic-Lazarevic, S. and Sohal, A. S. (2004). â€Å"Nature of e-business ethical dilemmas†, Information Management & Computer Security, Vol. 2 Iss: 2, pp. 167 – 177. Rustad, M. L. and Paulsson, S. R. (2005). Monitoring Employee e-mail and Internet Usage: Avoiding the Omniscient. Electronic Sweatshop: Insights from Europe. U. Pa. Journal of LaborAnd Employment Law, Vol. 7:4. Saunders, M. , Lewis, P, and Thornhill A. (2006) Research Methods for Business students. 4th edition . UK: Prentice Hall. Strategic Direction. (2009) â€Å"Social networking and the workplace: Making the most of web 2. 0 technologies†,Vol. 25 Iss: 8, pp. 20 – 23. The Gazette (2008). ‘Stealing’ time at work on Net.One of the new trends to watch in labor law is how companies and labor tribunals handle cyberslacking- a term coined to describe people who spend an excess of time on the Internet at work. [Online]. Retrieved on 31 March 2012 from: http://www. canada. com/montrealgazette/news/business/story. html? id=32125d78-a479-497a-ae19-4f461ea18060 The Register. (2000). Xerox fires 40 in porn si te clampdown. Document Company staffs get caught shuffling more than just paper. Trim, P. R. J. (2005). â€Å"Managing computer security issues: preventing and limiting future threats and disasters†, Disaster Prevention and Management, Vol. 4 Iss: 4, pp. 493 – 505 Vorvoreanu,M. and Botan, C. H. (2001). Examining Electronic Surveillance In the Workplace: A Review of Theoretical Perspectives and Research Findings. [Online]. Retrieved on 16 March 2012 from: http://www. cerias. purdue. edu/assets/pdf/bibtex_archive/2001-32. pdf Warren, A. (2002) â€Å"Right to privacy? The protection of personal data in UK public organisations†, New Library World, Vol. 103 Iss: 11/12, pp. 446 – 456. Warren, M. J. (2002). â€Å"Security practice: survey evidence from three countries†, Logistics Information Management, Vol. 15 Iss: 5/6, pp. 347 – 35. Watson, G. (2002). E-mail surveillance in the UK workplace-a management consulting case study†, Aslib Proceed ings, Vol. 54 Iss: 1 pp. 23 – 40. Welebir, B. and Kleiner,B. H. (2005),†How to write a proper Internet usage policy†, Journal of Management ResearchNews, Vol. 28 Iss: 2 pp. 80 – 87. Whalen, T. and Gates, C. (2010),†Watching the watchers: â€Å"voluntary monitoring† of infosec employees†, Journal of Information Management & Computer Security, Vol. 18 Iss: 1 pp. 14 – 25. Moghe, V. (2003) â€Å"Privacy management – a new era in the Australian business environment†, Journal of Information Management & Computer Security, Vol. 1 Iss: 2, pp. 60 – 66 Ying-Tzu Lu, Brian H. Kleiner, (2004),†Drug testing in the workplace†, Journal of Management Research News, Vol. 27 Iss: 4 pp. 46 – 53 Jardine-Tweedie, L. and Phillip C. Wright, (1998) â€Å"Workplace drug testing: avoiding the testing addiction†, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 13 Iss: 8, pp. 534 – 543 Chan, M; Woon, I. and Kanakanh alli, A. (2005). â€Å"Perceptions of Information Security in the workplace : Linking Information Security climate to Compliant Behavior†, Journal of Information Privacy and Security, Volume 1 Issue: 3, pp. 8-41 Chieh, C. M. and Kleiner, B. H. (2003), â€Å"How organisations manage the issue of employee privacy today†, Journal of Management Research News, Vol. 26 Iss: 2 pp. 82 – 88 Bibliography Gritzalis, S. (2004). â€Å"Enhancing Web privacy and anonymity in the digital era†, Journal of Information Management & Computer Security, Vol. 12 Iss: 3, pp. 255 – 287. Griffiths, M. (2010),†Internet abuse and internet addiction in the workplace†, Journal of Workplace Learning, Vol. 22 Iss: 7 pp. 463 – 472 Morgan, C. (1999).Employer Monitoring Of the Employee Electronic Mail And Internet Use. McGill Law Journal, Vol. 44 pp. 850-902. Jardine-Tweedie, L. and Phillip C. Wright, (1998) â€Å"Workplace drug testing: avoiding the testing addi ction†, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 13 Iss: 8, pp. 534 – 543 Appendices Appendix 1: Evaluation of Sources In order to do my literature review I made use of secondary data which consisted of journals, books and web publications (which included newspapers). From these sources I could get dependable information because they are reliable sources.I did not manage to get a lot of recent journals for the current year and for the previous year but I did manage to get publications which were within the ten years. These sources really helped me understand more facts about my research topic. Most of the journals that I found were useful to explain my topic and write more facts because they had information that I wanted to use. Most of the journals that I found discussed reasons why organizations were implementing security and privacy in their organizations and the proper procedures that were supposed to be taken for such policies.However it was not easy to get journals that rebuttal those ideas and supported that somehow it affected employees. Secondly, I was able to find journals that explained security and privacy from companies in different countries. The issue of security and privacy in the workplace was more crucial beginning 1996 which shows that it’s an issue that that was brought about technology advancements. I found most of my journals on emerald insight and to top it up I found more from scholar web publications. I took my time to paraphrase all the necessary information from the journals that I found to support all my assumptions.I used twenty- three journals to support my ideas, except for one journal all of them the author name was given, dates, journal article headings and all the information needed to do the referencing. The impact of implementing security and privacy and its effect on workplace performance Appendix 2: Mind Map Week 1 Received topics to research on Week 2 Search for relevant journals mainly from Emerald Insi ght. com Week 2 Research Objectives Research Questions Hypothesis Week 2 Chose the research topic Week 3 Theoretical Framework Introduction & Search for more JournalsWeek 4 Non-offensive material from emails and the Internet High performance from company networks &systems Week 4 Protection of company confidential information Prevention of trade secrets from leaking out Week 4 Positive effects of security and privacy mainly on productivity, employee &customer satisfaction Week 5 Security & Privacy actions that companies are using Week 6 Facts raised by opponents of Security and privacy e. g. electronic surveillance Week 7 Owning the right tools, technologies and methods Week 9 Research Design and Methodology Possible Results