Zoos And Aquariums Helping Or Hurting - 992 Words

Animals in Zoos Are zoos and aquariums helping or hurting? Do hundreds of thousands of happy onlookers make zoos justifiable? Is it acceptable to keep animals confined for our entertainment? Animals that are confined to zoos or aquariums often exhibit abnormal behavior. This can manifest its self behaviorally or physically. This could be as displayed as begging, self-mutilation, autoerotic stimulation or general sterotypies. Sterotypies are â€Å"are repetitive, invariant, behavior with no obvious goal or function† (Mason 1015-1037). They are generally regarded as an attempt way to improve a sub-optimal environment by using the action or behavior as a coping method (Mason 1015-1037). Bears and elephants may swing or rock, while primates may self bite or display an act called â€Å"floating limb† where they might move a limb unusually, visually track it, then attack it (Mallapur and Choudhury 275-284). Essentially it is the same behavior that a dog displays when it chases its own tail. These behaviors are not always present, but can be more common in males and in animals that are taken from touring exhibitions rather than animals raised in recognized zoos (M allapur and Choudhury 275-284). Stereotypies can be reduced with different enrichment methods, from adding natural elements like dirt or vegetation, concealing food, promoting natural territorial behavior or creating areas of privacy for animals to escape to (Swaisgood and Shepherdson 499-518). Unfortunately, Swaisgood andShow MoreRelatedThe Nature Of Zoos And Aquariums1445 Words   |  6 PagesSociety directly takes advantage of animals through the means of entertainment. Zoos and aquariums have become one of the most popular attractions to see animals in their â€Å"habitats.† According to Stephen Coan, the president and chief executive of Sea Research Foundation, zoos and aquariums were created â€Å"mostly with the intention of helping to revitalize downtowns, coastal areas or waterfront districts† (The Future of Zoos). These attractions resemble a prison to animals because they are isolated fromRead MoreThe Effects Of Jellyfish On The Ecosystem And Life Style Of Others1672 Words   |  7 Pagesbeat them, eat them.† If more people started eating jellyfish it could potentially help create jobs and benefit society, in 2013 Georgia had there first commercial fishing season for jellyfish and it has become a major export for the state. But with helping create new jobs and becoming a popular dish it also raises concern for over fishing. If not studied and watched properly it can harm other ecosystems the jellyfish provides for. With freelance writer Garry Hamilton he uses evidence from marine scientist

Significant Health Care Event - 1225 Words

Significant Health Care Event Eugene Whitehead HCS/531 February 18, 2013 Ann Gantzer Science and technology have always been joined at the hip. The evolution of health care services in the United States (U. S.) undoubtedly has been shaped at least in part by advancements in scientific research and knowledge, and technological innovation (Shi amp; Singh, 2012). The following exploration focuses on ways a specific scientific or technological event or innovation affected health care provision in the U. S. to date. Health care is dynamic. Science and technology continue to prove themselves as important facilitators of the change processes that occur in health care. The scientific method and nursing process are just a few examples that†¦show more content†¦In 1955 more than 50% of American women who used birth control relied upon condoms (27%) and diaphragms (25%). A decade later, only five years after the pill was approved the numbers changed drastically, with 27% of American women using the pill, 18% using condoms, and 10% relying on diaphragms. Use of the pill continued to rise so that 36% of American women were using it by 1973 (Seigel-Watkins, 2012). Birth control affected health care evolution in many ways. Prevention and dominion over pregnancy provided women a type of freedom of choice inconceivable before 1960. As the use of birth control matured and health concerns began to surface a whole new avenue of research opened related to the correlation between use of the pill and emboli formation, heart attack, and stroke. An increase in medical malpractice claims and exorbitant product liability costs illustrated another negative aspect of contraceptive medicine’s impact on health care evolution. Citing limited opportunities for growth and profits pharmaceutical companies tinkered with lower dosages and estrogen-progestin combinations but did not invest in new birth control innovations during the 1970s and 1980s. However, the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 also called the Hatch-Waxman Act set the stage for expansion of the oral contraceptive marketplace. By 2007, that market was flooded with more than 90 brand-name and generic drugs. Also by this time theShow MoreRelatedSignificant Event in Health Care792 Words   |  4 PagesSignificant Health Care Event Linda B. Conner, RN, BSN HCS/531 October 13, 2014 Dale Mueller Significant Health Care Event The health care system in the United States has been growing and changing for years and will continue to do so for years to come. The one constant in the Unite States health care system is change and evolution through evaluations of those changes. If there had not been unrest with the level and provisions of care in the early 1970s Managed Care may have never been introducedRead MoreSignificant Health Care Event Essay957 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Significant Health Care Event There have been several events that have helped to change and mold health care throughout history in the United States. Some influences that have are significant to benefit Americans and stay on track with the needs of Americans include society, culture, finance, religion, politics, technology, health trends, environment, and population (Shi Singh, 2012) Significant Event’s Relation to Health Care In the year 2011 there were many reports in the media regardingRead MoreSignificant Health Care Event - Managed Care1489 Words   |  6 PagesSignificant Health Care Event - Managed Care Health care has grown and evolved over the centuries from haphazard treatment based on tradition and superstition that often times did more harm than good, to a system that is able to preserve life in situations where life was previously believed to be unsustainable as recently as just 50 years ago. The concept of managed health care began over 100 years ago as a means by which medical care could be provided to injured workers, but has undergone majorRead MoreSignificant Health Care Event Essay862 Words   |  4 Pagesquality health care to all the people irrespective of their race, age, sex, and class, is the main objective of an efficient health care system. The health care system has evolved in various preventive and promotional policies, programs and practices adopted by the United States health departments, in order to develop and improve the health of the people. A major reform has occurred in health care financing, which provides health care options in order to attain the un iversal health care coverageRead MoreSignificant Health Care Event Essay example1040 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Significant Health Care Event: Affordable Care Act Tiffany L. Boldon University of Phoenix Abstract The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) (ACA) or Obamacare is the most signification change the U.S. medical system since Medicare and Medicaid reform during the 1960’s. The Affordable Care Act or ACA is designed to ensure that all Americans have medical coverage. It gives those that were uninsured a means to now have health insurance, offers a more affordable coverage toRead MoreSignificant Event/Impact on Health Care Organizations: Managed Care1265 Words   |  6 PagesRunning Header: SIGNIFICANT EVENT/IMPACT ON HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATIONS: MANAGED CARE Significant Historical Event/Impact on Health Care Organizations: Managed Care Erich Hayman Monday, May 19, 2008 University of Phoenix HCS/530, Health Care Organizations Professor David A. Olsen, MHA Significant Historical Event/Impact on Health Care Organizations â€Å"By 1995, managed care plans had become the dominant form of health insurance and enrolled 73 percent of all Americans who wereRead MoreSignificamt Health Care Event Essay820 Words   |  4 PagesSignificant Health Care Event Violet Sowell HCS/ 531 Feburary 4, 2013 Regina Phelps Significant Health Care Event In the paper the topic to be discussed is a significant healthcare event. There are many events that have an impact on healthcare. The significant event that will be discussed in more detail is managed care. The main points to be discussed in further details are how managed care relates to the changes in health care, has managed care impacted the historical evolution of healthRead MoreSignificant Health Care Paper792 Words   |  4 PagesSignificant Health Care Event Krista Jex 531 August 19, 2013 Tracy Miller Significant Health Care Event Health care has been inclined by several significant events that have occurred throughout history. Change is the primary focus on what has shaped health care and continues to by pain of improvement, and to focus on the importance of our population and their needs. Though there are several influences politics, finance, culture, technology, health trends, and religions they all play a majorRead MoreThe Concept of Managed Healthcare810 Words   |  3 Pageselaborate preauthorization for all visits to the healthcare specialists. This must be done while improving the overall quality of care. This system is designed to effectively reduce all healthcare costs that are deemed unnecessary via a series of mechanisms such as economic incentives for the specialists and the patients being given the opportunity to select forms of care that are less costly. Other mechanisms are increased level of beneficiary cost sharing, establishment of various cost sharing mechanismsRead MoreHlt 314v Week 1 Com plete Assignment and Dqs1189 Words   |  5 Pagesallied health care profession and provide a description of the jobs and services provided by that profession. Research regulatory or professional organizations that serve the profession you chose, and describe an area in which the profession seeks to improve or expand. In what other ways might the profession grow to better serve the ever-changing health care population? HLT 314V WEEK 1 DISCUSSION 2 Select and describe one of the key factors that influenced the evolution of the U.S. health care delivery

Public Relations Concepts Management Function

Question: Discuss about the Public Relations Concepts for Management Function. Answer: Introduction: Public relations refers to an unmistakable management function that builds up and keeps shared lines of correspondence, comprehension, acknowledgment and collaboration between an association and its publics. It includes the administration of issues or issues. Through public relations, the administration can keep educated choices and gets to be receptive to popular supposition. It additionally characterizes and underlines the obligation of administration to serve general society interest and use exploration, sound, and moral correspondence as its primary instruments (Erjavec, 2005). The principal public relations utilized by MediShield Life was the utilization of campaigns. These comprise of deliberate, single-reason purpose program, typically on a less elaborate scale, utilizing facilitated reputation through an assortment of media, pointed, at various targets, however focussed on and aimed at various objectives. The second public relations incorporates lobbying. It involves the effort of impact, smooth and measured weight on other, activity of influence cum-weight (Hrebiniak, 2005). Generally, it implies a group putting its perspectives forward trying to win alternate group support. For powerful usage of the Public Relations objective, a Public Relations system is to be developed. The best procedure of technique begins with arranging key aspects such as: deciding key results range; characterize parts; selecting and setting destinations; getting ready activity and finally identifying with programming, booking, planning, altering, responsibility and building up tenets and systems (Jelen, 2008). MediShield Life Insurance was a startup free protection organization with one and only area. It as though MediShield Lifes management needed to recount their story and manufacture their own developing image. As a startup with huge objectives, MediShield Life has found effective Public Relations since the management felt that the PR adoption could instantly effect MediShield Lifes development and could scale with the organization as it turned into a noteworthy player in the autonomous protection office field. MediShield Life has expanded its perceivability and novel offering through expanded development (Vercic White, 2012). The PR endeavours ventured into the protection business exchange media, concentrating on sharing the news of MediShield Life Insurance's quick development and exceptional free protection organization mode. Utilizing advertising will enable the firm to pick up indicated outsider supports that make new clients feel sure about calling enquiring from the firm regardi ng getting protection rates and data (Kukovica Mele, 2006). Therefore, there is need for the firm to attempt radio and TV channels, and share its product package offering online and through web journals and social networking destinations. Effective communication In examining effective communication, it is important for MediShield Life to be honest regarding the different covers they are presenting in the market as well as the need for the targeted clientele to adopt such packages. Affirmation is critical and it is essential to know where to take a stand. For accomplishing a desirable outcome, the message by MediShield Life message ought to be created legitimately and clearly, and ought to be revised and right. Since message dispersal includes time and effort for transmitting and accepting or retaining. Consequently, message ought to be sufficiently fresh to give data and in the meantime not possessing additional season of the recipients profitable time. The substance of the content ought to centre on the component of the message; decorations and elaborate dialect should be maintained at a strategic distance (Krishnamurthy Vercic, 2005; Vercic Tkalac, 2015). The viability of the message is reliant upon the above thr ee properties and even if one element is absent or negative, the outcome will likewise be negative or not according to the desires. Successful correspondence in PR implies connecting and touching individuals of various age groups, diverse demographics and distinctive social strata. Contingent upon the PR declaration one is making, the dialect should be tweaked by the audiences capacity. Social and moral ramifications- Customers of insurance agencies are spoilt for wealth. There exist are essentially excessively numerous choices to browse. Likewise, it is commonplace understanding that holding clients is less costly than gaining clients. MediShield Life was in this way entrusted with the command of ensuring that the clients are content with their offer. There are numerous thoughts regarding how this can be accomplished. What is essential is associating with clients. Whether it is about spreading data or awful news, a PR individual need to interface with clients in a manner that they really feel pleased to be connected with the association in great times and feel responsible and compassionate amid terrible times (Krishnamurthy Vercic, 2004). Ethics as a moral organization, MediShield Life had no goal of making false information to policyholders. The organization had its arrangements set up and attempted its level best to individuals by staying within the policies (Sriramesh, 2000). As far as bringing issues to light for MediShield Life are concerned, the most sensible communication models to utilize would be the Public Media model and the Events/Groups model (Sriramesh VercI, 2009). The key points of interest of open media are far reaching message presentation. This message dispersal is not required to be itemized or individual, only sufficiently expansive to expand the essential perceivability and consciousness of MediShield Life. The second phase of the PR crusade would be engaged upon Events/Groups. As displays and smaller than normal meetings held an adequate time after the underlying usage of general society media scope, when a fundamental picture and learning of MediShield Life has been generally settled into the brains of the publics (Nayden, 2009). The primary destinations of this stage are the exact spread of the message and the acknowledgment of the message on the group of clients, and a state of mind change inside crowds, where they intellectually c hoose to consider selecting for MediShield Life as a consequence of the PR campaign. Posting and organizing of data is to be disseminated- MediShield Life tried to educate general society about the new arrangement of the Government or association; and the adjustment in the current approach; the new plan advancement. It is significant to note public relations movement begins with distinguishing the message to be spread and organized (Ruler, Tkalac Vercic, 2008). Determining the current learning level or comprehending the view of the general population-MediShield Life did a brisk overview among the objective group of people in general to realise the best information level of the organizations affairs is wanting to start public relations process. MediShield Life needed to know whether the picture is certain, non-partisan or negative regarding the appraisal or with regard to terms of the assessment (Lah, Susjan Redek, 2010). Message and Media-After selecting the objective of the organization, the substance of the message should have to be produced. While building up the message, MediShield Life ought to remember the media in which it was going to use for dispersing that message. Television/Visual media were appeared to be successful for showing the exhibiting mindfulness (Lilly, Hashem Hughes, 2005). Execution of message and media-Based on the normal achieving level and target bunch, the financial backing was to be arranged and message transmitted through the suitable media's. Developing A Public Relations Plan Situation Analysis Despite the fact that my blog will cover comparative themes to others out there, I would need to make a solid, strong PR arrangement for that acts as an aide to you as I market my website and to empower me underline the one of my realistic goals about the substance I will distribute (Van Vercic, 2009). This will empower me to recognize how to advance my site viably and lay out reasonable objectives for the following three, six, and 12 months ahead. I will begin via hunting the net down web journals that are like mine. I will observe my online rivals and reveal routes (if there is any) to separate myself in an unexpected way. Target Audience My blog may not be big PR crusade for Target product, yet I would need to target clientele who might appreciate your substance and read it. When I make sense of the sexual orientation, age and demographics of your group of onlookers, you can advance your posts in like manner through the sorts of labels you utilize, who you tweet at and where you present connections on my content. I will not commit the error of picking an intended interest group that is excessively expansive. I have found that one of the greatest slip-ups brands and bloggers make is in their endeavour to be all things to all individuals. Not setting up a reasonable target gathering of people really does an insult to one's image. As I get clear about my group of onlookers, I can start to make sense of how to contact my gathering of people, and what to compose that will engage their fluctuated needs, interests and interests. Once the objectives are resolved and the target markets are recognized, I then proceed to decide the situating (by what means I will mark my products/service in terms of the content to the target markets) and informing (what content, pictures I will use to convey the condition). Strategy Development Strategies are the exercises that I will try to execute to complete every technique. Every strategy ought to help me answer the inquiry, what is the following stride should I take to accomplish the methodology? A key arrangement guarantees that there is a common comprehension of what I am attempting to accomplish, how I plan to do it, and how I am going to quantify for achievement (Moss, Vercic, Harris White, 2005). Once my goals are fully laid out and very much characterized, I will then put my imaginative intuition on top and conceptualize some cool methodologies to help me accomplish my targets. Every system ought to associate back to my target. When I set down clear targets, I should consider what inventive techniques I ought to utilize to guarantee that I effectively meet my goals. Suggestions- Choice of Tactics, Programme Calendar Rationale for Campaign Budget My final part of the arrangement is making sense of how to assess the achievement of the system. This will incorporate media impressions, Facebook page development or engagement, referral activity, or even a pre and post study to figure out what my group of people know or cherishe about my blog. One thing that always helps is to recollect to benchmark my present numbers before I start my system. Relationships with media, readers and brands ought not end in light of the fact that the story gets distributed or the campaign comes to an end. Since PR is a total procedure, I will keep developing any new and existing associations with editors and brands with a normal procedure (Podnar, Lah Golob, 2009). Solid connections build up believability and will make my occupation simpler whenever follow up is properly done. Staying in contact has never been so natural in the present era of technology. A quick email, tweet or a minor mention on a Facebook page can go far so stay in touch. Recommendations Public relations refers to a vital part of any strategy for success and useful for constructing a positive and ideal picture among partners of the organization. It is important to make a viable PR arrangement including objectives, systems, and strategies for spreading mindfulness among target gathering of people and building an association with them (Moloney 2000). It is crucial to recognize the estimation of the PR campaign by measuring its value after the crusade is over. Looking at the positive and the negative remarks given by the media, open and contenders on online journals and other social networking; participation of media and different partners in the occasions composed by the organization; and data solicitations and enquiries made with respect to the launch of the store (Villiger, 2010). Alongside this, the adjustment in the mindfulness and conclusion of open pre-launch and post-dispatch of my blog through reviews can help the organization to quantify the estimation of the PR campaign. Assessment is vital for measuring the estimation of the campaign, which is done through a few measures, for example, site hits, media space and consideration picked up amid the crusade (Lilly, Hashem Hughes, 2005). Effective PR Campaign Utilizing advertising helps a blogger to pick up approved outsider supports that make new clients feel certain about calling a blogger to get protection rates and data. Contingent upon bloggers objective business sector, you might need to send your official statements to the neighbourhood daily paper and free group papers. On the other hand, using radio and TV slots, and sharing your discharge online will prove effective in utilizing sites and online networking destinations (Vercic Tkalac, 2015). References Erjavec, K. (January 01, 2005). Hybrid public relations news discourse.European Journal of Communication,20(2), 155-179. Hrebiniak, Lawrence.(2005). Making strategy work: leading effective execution and change. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc., pp. 191-192. Jelen, A. (January 01, 2008). The nature of scholarly endeavours in public relations.Public Relations Metrics. Kukovica, T., Mele, I. (January 01, 2006). Public relations strategy. Conference Proceedings,141-146. Krishnamurthy, S., Vercic, D. (January 01, 2004). The innovativeness-needs paradox and global public relations: Some propositions on the need for international public relations subsidies.Media Asia, 3(1), 3-13. Lah, M., Susjan, A., Redek, T. (January 01, 2010). An institutionalist view of public relations and the evolution of public relations in transition economies.Javnost,17(2), 45-62. Lilly, J., Hashem, F., Hughes, A. (January 01, 2005). Public relations.Fire Prevention - Fire Engineers Journal. Moss, D., Vercic, D., Harris, P., White, J. (January 01, 2000). Innovation in public relations, public affairs and corporate communication.Innovation in Public Relations, Public Affairs and Corporate Reputation,7-13. Nayden, N. (January 01, 2009). A public world without public relations?.Javnost,16(4) 23-40. Podnar, K., Lah, M., Golob, U. (January 01, 2009). Economic perspectives on public relations.Public Relations Review,35(4), 340-345. Ruler, B. ., Tkalac, V. A., Vercic, D. (January 01, 2008). Public relations metrics: Measurement and evaluation - an overview.Public Relations Metrics,1-18. Van, D. M. A., Vercic, D. (January 01, 2009). Public relations, public diplomacy, and strategic communication: An international model of conceptual convergence.The Global Public Relations Handbook,822-842. Vercic, D., Sriramesh, K. (January 01, 2000). A framework for understanding, and conducting, international public relations.Public Relations, Public Affairs and Corporate Communications in the New Millenium: the Future,175-184. Vercic, D., White, J. (January 01, 2012). Corporate public relations as a professional culture: Between management and journalism.Culture and Public Relations,237-242. Sriramesh, K., Vercic, D. (January 01, 2009). The mass media and public relations.The Global Public Relations Handbook,62-78. Vercic, D. (January 01, 2009). Public relations of movers and shakers: Transnational corporations.The Global Public Relations Handbook,795-806. Vercic, D., Tkalac, V. A. (January 01, 2015). Competitive public relations: What research tells us.Euprera 2015. Villiger, R. (January 01, 2010). Public relations.Schweizer Buchhandel,18(2),403- 404.

Reflections on the Concept of Egalitarianism

Introduction One of the foremost aspects of a post-industrial living is the fact that, as time goes by; the discourse on equality begins to affect socio-political dynamics in the world to an ever-higher extent. The validity of this statement can be well illustrated in regards to the rising popularity of left-wing Socialist parties in Latin America and Europe, for example. In its turn, this presupposes that the current state of affairs, in this respect, has been dialectically predetermined.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Reflections on the Concept of Egalitarianism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are several objective preconditions for the ideas of egalitarianism to continue growing increasingly attractive to more and more people. In this paper, I will aim to outline these preconditions, while promoting the idea that, even though the practical implementation of the equality-endorsing policies in many count ries has proven counter-beneficiary in the past, there are no good reasons to believe that this will continue to remain the case in the future. After all, the very laws of history do predetermine people’s ever-increased preoccupation with the ideas of egalitarianism, as such that provide additional momentum to the pace of the ongoing socio-cultural and technological progress in the world. Body of the paper When it comes to discussing the concept of equality/egalitarianism, it is crucial to understand what accounts for the ontological ground, out of which this concept emerged, in the first place. However, for people to gain such an understanding, they will need to acquire an in-depth insight into the very essence of the representatives of Homo Sapiens species, as virtually hairless primates, whose existential modes continue to be sharply defined by some purely animalistic instincts. One of these instincts is the sense of irrational greed and the desire to be able to enjoy a co mfortable living, while applying as less of an effort, as possible. In its turn, it explains why the professional careers of lawyers, diplomats and movie stars, for example, have traditionally been considered the most prestigious.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Individuals that pursue these careers can be defined as nothing short of highly paid ‘social parasites’, whose material well-being has nothing to do with them being de facto better than the rest of the citizens. Just as it happened to be within the case in the societies of primates, where alpha-males preoccupy themselves with the bellyful idling, at the expense of exploiting others, people driven by their animalistic instincts do not have any other purpose in life, other than exposing their presumed ‘superiority’ socially. Most commonly, they do it by the mean of affiliating themselves with l uxurious lifestyles or pretending to be in a position to afford to pursue such lifestyles – all for the sake of humiliating the society’s less fortunate members – hence, satisfying the subliminal desires of their animalistic ego. Very often, such their tendency assumes rather grotesque proportions. After all, it now represents a common practice among many disproportionately  wealthy individuals to go as far as embellishing toilet-seats in their yachts with gold and lighting up cigars with the thousand dollar bills – the media continually illustrate the validity of this statement. Nevertheless, it is not only that people are in essence hairless ‘monkeys’, but also ‘monkeys’ endowed with intellect. This is the reason why, it is in the very nature of ‘socially upstanding’ individuals to up come with social theories that justify people’s inequality, as a thoroughly natural state of affairs, so that less fortunat e citizens would be less likely to strive to attain a social prominence, as well – hence, endangering the interests of the rich and powerful. The emergence of neoliberalism, during the late 20th century, confirms the validity of the above statement. For example, as of today, it is not only that the concept of the ‘liberated free-market economy’, endorsed by neo-liberals, is now being referred to as not just one of the possible approaches to ensuring the vitality of economic relations within a particular society, but as only the legitimate one.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Reflections on the Concept of Egalitarianism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As Mawdsley pointed out, â€Å"Policies that further strengthen market incentives and market institutions are relevant for all economies – industrialized countries, emerging markets, and the developing world† (2007, p. 492). Nevert heless, even though that the general provisions of neoliberalism are formally concerned with keeping humanity on the path of progress, they subtly imply that it is only a limited number of people in the world, who may immediately benefit from the process. This could not be otherwise, because the proper functioning of free-market economies, advocated by the proponents of neoliberalism, as such that makes it possible for people to enjoy economic prosperity, can only be ensured at the expense of removing restrictions over the speculative capital’s free flow. In its turn, this flow creates objective preconditions for capitalists to grow less and less concerned about investing in the development of the economy’s technologically-intense and people-oriented sectors. This is because the paradigm of neoliberalism (which justifies people’s inequality) presupposes that it is so much easier for investors to make quick money out of thin air, such as by the mean of indulging in stock-exchange speculations, as opposed to making money in the economy’s industrial, technological or agricultural sectors. Therefore, there is nothing odd about the fact that the practical implementation of neo-liberal economic policies, throughout the world, resulted in widening a gap between the rich and poor – just as it happened in the countries of Latin America and Russia, during the 20th century’s nineties. What is particularly disturbing about the earlier mentioned development is that the process of the rich becoming more productive and the poor becoming poorer does not have anything to do with the existential worth of the latter being significantly lower. As such, this process can be best referred to as fundamentally unjust.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In plain words, those who justify people’s inequality are not being driven by the considerations of a rationale, on their part, but rather by their irrational longing to remain in the position of imposing dominance upon others – just for the sake of doing it, as such that has a value of a ‘thing in itself’. This alone exposes the sheer inappropriateness of the idea that it is impossible to create a socially fair society, in which individuals will be able to explore their existential potential to its fullest. This, however, is only one side of the medal. The other hand is being concerned with the fact that people’s strive towards equality cannot be discussed outside of what makes them human, in the first place. As it was mentioned earlier, there is an ancient ‘monkey’ residing within just about every person. Nevertheless, the very outset of the socio-cultural progress, which eventually allowed humans to become dominant species on Earth, was made possible by the fact that, along with being semi-animals, people can be simultaneously referred to as semi-gods. The validity of this suggestion can be shown in regards to people’s tendency to concern themselves with purely abstract subject matters, such as philosophizing on what is the true nature of the surrounding reality and what accounts for our place within it, for example – without deriving any immediate benefits, as a result. However, as we are well aware of, philosophy is being commonly referred to as the ‘mother of all sciences’. In its turn, science is what allows the continuation of the socio-cultural progress. Therefore, just as it happened to be the case with people’s tendency to indulge in abstract philosophizing, their innate attraction towards the concept of equality reflects their endowment with mostly an idealistic mindset, the workings of which have very little to do with what people happened to be, in the biological sen se of this word. Therefore, the phenomenon of idealistically minded people experiencing an unconscious urge to promote the concept of equality is nothing but the indication that they continue to evolve while becoming ever more distanced from their biological ancestors. As Nietzsche noted, â€Å"All beings hitherto have created something beyond themselves: and you want to be the ebb of that great tide, and would rather go back to the beast than surpass man?† (Nietzsche 2003, p. 8). Thus, there can be indeed only a few doubts that people’s fascination with the notion of equality correlates well with the objective laws of nature. Unfortunately, there have been many instances throughout history, when the advocates of equality used to prove themselves rather ineffective policy-makers. The decline of classical Marxism at the end of the 20th century confirms the full legitimacy of this suggestion. What predetermined Marxists’ failure, in regards to how they used to go about ensuring a social fairness within the society, is their unawareness of the fact that, even though it is in people’s very nature to remain committed to the values of a social egalitarianism, they can never be referred to as being de facto equal, regardless of the particulars of their place on the ladder of an evolutional development. For example, whereas, the average rate of citizens’ IQ in such countries as Nigeria and Equatorial Guinea accounts for 50, the average rate of citizens’ IQ in China and Japan accounts for 120 (Lynn Vanhanen 2002). This explains why, as the realities of a multicultural living in the West indicate, the governmentally sponsored measures to ‘equalize’ citizens artificially (such as by the mean of qualifying them to be able to take advantage of the ‘affirmative action’ policy) did not bring about the desired effects. The earlier deployed line of argumentation suggests the following: The notion of equality is discursively legitimate because it is nothing but an intellectual by-product of the process of people remaining on the path of progress; The practical implementation of the concept of social egalitarianism will prove most useful when ensuring people’s access to equal opportunities is being concerned; The state of citizens’ absolute equality can never be enforced by governmental decrees – especially if the latter does not take into considerations the Darwinian laws of evolution. In light of the above suggestions, it appears that it is precisely the ‘theory of justice’ by John Rawls, which can be regarded as such that contains discursively legitimate insights, as to how a particular society can function in accordance to the principle of ‘social fairness’, without having its developmental momentum slowed down, as a consequence. The main provisions of Rawls’s theory, in this respect, are as follows: Every citizen is endowed wit h the same scope of freedoms and responsibilities, as it happened to the case with his or her co-citizens; Social and economic inequalities within the society must be organized in such a manner so that they serve the purpose of benefiting the least privileged citizens; The disparity in question cannot disproportionately affect the well-being of the representatives of particular social strata, within the society (Rawls 1971). In its turn, these provisions stress out that the principle of ‘equality of opportunities’ represents the fundamental discursive foundation, while defining the qualitative essence of the dynamics within a particular society. The mentioned provisions also stipulate that citizens’ freedom cannot be guaranteed by the mean of undermining the extent of their economic prosperity and that there are certain circumstances, under which people’s social rights can be limited, as the prerequisite for them to be able to enjoy social freedoms in the long run. According to Rawls, the society that functions by his major principles of ‘social justice’ is virtuous, by definition. While living in the ‘socially fair’ community, its members naturally grow affiliated with the actual philosophy of its existence, which in turn increases the measure of the society’s overall stability. The implementation of Rawlsian ‘justice principles’ does not prevent the society’s members from being able to attain self-actualization but on the contrary – it makes them more socially ‘equipped’, within the context of how they go about exploring the full extent of their existential uniqueness. Given the earlier outlined provisions of the Rawlsian ‘theory of justice’, we can well speculate on how the ‘society of equal opportunities for all’ may be organized. The following are only the most essential considerations, in this respect. First, society’s fun ctioning is based upon the principle of a ‘social contract’. This contract is being freely agreed upon by citizens and reflects their ability to rationalize their self-interests, within the framework of the given social settings. The essential part of the contract in question is that it presupposes the society members’ willingness to surrender some of their constitutionally guaranteed rights and freedoms, to reduce the chances of the society’s disintegration, due to the forces of entropy. Second, there can be no institutionally upheld explicit or implicit restrictions, in regards to the citizens’ undisputed right to take full advantage of the prospects of social advancement, to which they are being entitled, as the contract signatories. In its turn, this presupposes that in the Rawlsian society, there can be no privately-owned educational institutions, to which only financially well-off young people may qualify for enrollment. The citizens’ à ¢â‚¬Ëœrights of advancement’ cannot also be limited due to what happened to be the specifics of the ethnocultural affiliation, on the part of the concerned individuals. Third, even though that the society’s institutions are there to ensure that it does turn meritocratic, there is nevertheless an absolute consensus among citizens, as to what should be considered the indication of a particular citizen’s qualification to hold high governmental offices. The most apparent indication, in this respect, would be the concerned person’s endowment with the idealistic mentality, which in turn should make him or her naturally inclined to serve others, as the foremost priority in its life – hence, making sure that this person is not prone to corruption. Fourth, the legislative functions are delegated to ‘senators’, which are being periodically elected by a popular vote. To be qualified for the prospect of being elected ‘senators’, citiz ens must prove their ability to put the overall interests of the society above their ones, or the corporate interests of a particular social class that they represent. Having served in the Armed Forces for no less than five years, while always facing the risk of being killed at the frontline, will be considered as the most legitimate indication of the potential office-seekers’ ability to benefit the society if elected. Fifth, both: executive and judicial functions are delegated to the members of the ‘Order of Justice’ – an order-type organization, which recruits young people from all the society’s strata, regardless of what happened to be the specifics of their socio-economic affiliation. The order members’ primary function is to exercise control over ‘senators’, while making sure that the latter does not advance their agendas, at the expense of the society’s less privileged members. Before being given the order’s f ull membership, recruits are being put through rigorous training (lasting for no less than ten years) and required to pledge their willingness not to get married, for them to remain unsusceptible to the temptations of everyday living. After having reached the age of sixty, order members can retire and to get married/adopt children. Sixth, the functioning of the society’s economy adheres to the free-market economic principles. At the same time, however, order members exercise control over entrepreneurs, so that the latter never allow their sense of blind greed to define their business-choices. For an individual to obtain a ‘business license’, he or she would have to agree to pledge no less than 40% of the potential generated income to charities. Seventh, the most critical decisions, in regards to the society’s functioning (such as defining the rate of taxation) are being made by the mean of citizens casting their votes, during all-national referendums. If i mplemented practically, the considerations mentioned above will simultaneously result in both: ensuring people’s equal access to the opportunities of social advancement and creating objective preconditions for the ‘society of equal opportunities’ to remain thoroughly stable and yet in the state of a continual evolvement. Conclusion I believe that the earlier deployed line of argumentation, regarding the fundamental essence of the concept of a social egalitarianism, in general, and how this concept can be realized practically, in particular, is entirely consistent with the paper’s initial thesis. There is indeed a sound rationale in thinking that the very emergence of the ideals of egalitarianism and their necessary incorporation into the framework of currently  dominant socio-political discourses has been objectively predetermined. In its turn, this presupposes that, as time goes on, people will be growing increasingly preoccupied with contemplating how these ideals can become the integral parts of their everyday living. References Lynn, R Vanhanen, T 2002, IQ and the wealth of nations, Greenwood Publishing Group, Westport. Mawdsley, E 2007, ‘The millennium challenge account: neoliberalism, poverty and security’, Review of International Political Economy, vol. 14. no. 3, pp. 487-509. Nietzsche, F 2003 (1885), Thus spake Zarathustra: a book for all and none, Algora Publishing, New York. Rawls, J 1971, A theory of justice, Harvard University Press, Harvard. This essay on Reflections on the Concept of Egalitarianism was written and submitted by user Phasma to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.