Truss Design and Analysis essays

Bracket Design and Analysis articles Our five introductory structures comprised of one with two triangulated cantilevered bars with one pressure bar, another that was a three pole symmetrical pyramid, the third was a triangular cantilevered bar with a strain pole and side help poles at the divider, another had three triangulated cantilevered bars with one strain bar, and the fifth was a simply 2-D right triangle support. Each gathering part picked a plan that he needed to enhance. The ones picked were the ones every one of us at first concocted. We actually definitely realized the ones we needed to take a stab at ANSYS so the other two were made only for section 1 of the undertaking. We decided to additionally explore the one with two triangulated cantilevered bars with one pressure pole, the one that had three triangulated cantilevered bars with one strain bar, and the one with a triangular cantilevered pillar with a strain bar and side help poles at the divider. This was one of our most essential support plans for the challenge. The idea of the structure was straightforwardness and minimization of welds. It was at first idea that the disappointment would happen at one of the bind welds in this way if the quantity of welds was constrained there would be less possibility of disappointment. At first the bracket was made in ANSYS with simply the 3 primary bars from the divider to the stacked tip. Level and vertical burdens were applied to the tip and the framework was fathomed. The pressure and diversion were broke down cross-individuals were included the focal point of the bars. The reenactment was tackled again and reanalyzed and cross-individuals were again included at 25 and 75 percent of the length of the primary bars. The cross individuals were utilized to forestall the locking in the focal point of the shafts by restricting the permitted redirection. With the three cross-part frameworks set up, the support was settled and the diversion and stresses were estimated. In the wake of looking at the outcomes from every one of the designs, it was resolved that including the cross-individuals... <!

In Support of Liberalism In Harry Potter Essay

In the arrangement of books expounded on Harry Potter by J. K. Rowling, radicalism and social liberties are a significant purpose of concern. In the early books, there are implications to the possibility that various sorts of individuals, wizards, ought to be dealt with in an unexpected way. There are immediate end products between the Harry Potter books and the 1960s social equality development, just as the present battle for gay rights. Each subject concerns separation: singular rights that ought to be secured by law and the continuous battle to guarantee those rights. â€Å"To separate intends to treat an individual or a gathering of individuals seriously on account of who they are† (Graf). Harry Potter experienced an extraordinary move in social equality; from all people having a similar insurance to a seriously biased and smothered society and back once more. Changes in social liberties are not commonly so outrageous, for the most part being increasingly developmental, yet the idea of equity under the law identifies with the genuine world’s progressing fight for singular opportunity. The second book of the arrangement, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, acquainted the peruser with house mythical beings. Seriously smothered and controlled, this group of the wizarding scene had no rights and numerous duties. Dobby is a house mythical person claimed by the Malfoy family and they treated him like with evident disdain and partiality. Dobby was a captive to the Malfoy’s, not permitted pieces of clothing to wear, and beaten and manhandled. This is like the state of dark slaves in the United States through the common war. In any event, allowing African-Americans their opportunity didn't change the public’s discernment that their race was not as much as Caucasians. Dobby’s circumstance was significantly increasingly articulated as he was constrained to rebuff himself at whatever point he accepted he accomplished something incorrectly or defied his master’s guidelines. When Dobby gains his opportunity through Harry’s skillful deception, Lucius Malfoy is furious on the grounds that he had lost something he saw to be property. The presentation of Winky in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire illustrates house mythical people. She is glad to serve her lord and complies with all his orders. At the point when she is rebuffed and given garments, accordingly discharging her from her lord, she is disgraced and feels as if she had fizzled. Her downturn turns out to be extreme to such an extent that she takes to drinking abundant amounts of margarine lager to facilitate her brain. On the other hand, Dobby is glad to be free and wears his garments gladly. However his journey to look for some kind of employment is testing a result of the wizarding world’s assessment of house mythical people and their positioning in the social pecking order. Dobby is requesting to be paid for his administrations instead of doing it because of commitment or obligation. Looking for some kind of employment at Hogwarts was his lone practical choice as Dumbledore was the main individual ready to meet Dobby’s demand, and perceive house mythical people as critical. Hermione’s endeavors to get opportunity for house mythical people, the House Elf Liberation Front, are useless in light of the fact that house mythical people, except for Dobby, are content with their situation in the public arena and don't see themselves as equivalents. They are hirelings, compelled by a sense of honor to serve one ace for their whole lives. Another conspicuous issue in the Harry Potter books was the possibility that muggles, or non-mystical individuals, were not as much as wizards, and wizards conceived from muggle families were sub-par compared to those slipping from wizards. The issue is first raised when the character of Draco Malfoy is presented in the principal book. He expresses that some wizarding families were superior to other people and censures the Weasley family since his dad denounces the Weasley family dependent on Arthur Weasley’s warmth and endorsement of muggles. The Malfoys accept that muggle-borns are irrelevant and treat Hermione with extraordinary partiality as a result of her muggle legacy. Draco considers her a â€Å"mudblood,† an extraordinary affront to wizards of muggle families. Indeed, even Professor Slughorn confesses to astound that muggle-conceived wizards are so proficient at enchantment however he professes to have no preference. He doesn't treat them unjustifiably however he has various desires from them. The whole reason for Voldemort’s play for power was the idea that muggle-borns and half-bloods were substandard compared to unadulterated bloods. Vodemort himself is plunged from a muggle father, yet he denies this association. In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Vodemort’s objective turns out to be extremely self-evident. Muggles are killed without concern and made to be dependent upon the wizards in charge. Any wizard of muggle family line was indicted and detained for taking enchantment from wizards. Harry’s glaring restriction to this perspective spots him in incredible hazard as he persistently challenges the new request and their abuse. The purpose behind the wizarding war was to keep a whole class of individuals from being subjugated and renamed as not exactly human. Harry’s guardians likewise battled for singular opportunity and challenged Voldemort, which lead to their demise. Harry’s achievement in this field was a triumph for correspondence, opportunity and individual rights. Harry Potter’s fight to keep up fairness and stamp out partiality and bias implemented by law integrates with the 1960s social liberties development and the battle for gay rights that isn't being pursued in America. Whole gatherings of individuals are being victimized, not for anything they did however for what their identity is. â€Å"On prepares and transports, in schools and eateries, and even in open washrooms, blacks were kept separated from whites. A few laws made it illicit for blacks and whites to shake hands or play checkers† (Graf). African Americans were focused on in light of the shade of their skin and gay people because of their sexual direction, neither of which an individual can control. Segregation is turning out to be an ever increasing number of grievous as social liberties bunches make strides in getting correspondence. Social equality and the subject of progressivism are gives exceptionally near me that I feel energetic about. Growing up, my mom revealed to me an account of her first excursion to Washington State to meet companions of my dad. They were in a market and an American Indian family came in to get some ground meat. Despite the fact that they had the cash for the new meat for the situation, they were not permitted to buy it. The store would just sell them the meat that had turned green in light of the fact that the storekeeper didn't see American Indians as equivalent under the law. My mom dissented and must be hauled out of the store. The others in her gathering sat idle. My mother was just seventeen, yet she perceived segregation when she saw it. As a kid, I lived in a white town, there were no Asians or African Americans and a bunch of Hispanics. At the point when I was nine, a man thumped on our front entryway. I looked into, seeing him through the glass, and shouted. It was the principal dark individual I had ever observed. I humiliated myself, yet also, I mortified him, a pleasant man who unimportant needed to know whether my dad was keen on selling his vehicle. Being that isolated in not basic in today’s society. In my eighth grade graduation, I strolled down the walkway with the main dark individual from my graduating class and my dad felt embarrassed on account of the town’s view of African Americans. Indeed, even my congregation, a position of acknowledgment and correspondence, treated a dark vocalist so distinctively that he quit coming to chapel. The town was partiality and I felt humiliated to live there, accepting that thusly, I bolstered their convictions. As I developed more seasoned, I attempted to help the privileges of minorities and those gatherings that society treated in an unexpected way, providing for their causes, fund-raising and mindfulness and deciding in favor of estimates that would ensure them. I felt that it was my commitment to society to attempt to end bigotry when my dad had brought me to accept up in it. The Harry Potter arrangement fills in as an immediate token of what sort of world cultural narrow mindedness can make by demonstrating goliath strides in reverse in individual flexibility and freedom. Voldemort and his Death Eaters endeavored to get control for control and utilized segregation and mistreatment to accomplish it. Hetero Caucasians have been utilizing this technique for quite a long time to keep up the norm and control change. Most exceedingly awful of everything is simply the mistreated group’s own discernment. Like house mythical beings, African Americans and gay people are not acquainted with being dealt with decently and that idea needs to change (Yoshino). Individuals â€Å"will before long be compelled to recognize that it isn't gay conduct, however antigay perspectives, that should be adjusted† (Yoshino). What is essential to recollect is that the battle for equity is progressing: that it is basic for all races of individuals â€Å"to take care of the individual and institutional bigotry that despite everything exists in our congregation and society† (Schlumpf ). Progressivism is developing in numerous territories and these books exhibit precisely what this development can accomplish †singular rights, individual flexibility and the act of regarding every person as equivalent under the law.

Librarian Nancy Pearl Picks 7 Books For Summer Reading Critical Linking, June 22, 2018

Librarian Nancy Pearl Picks 7 Books For Summer Reading Critical Linking, June 22, 2018 Critical Linking is sponsored by The Art of Escaping by Erin Callahan. Seattle librarian Nancy Pearl shares her under-the-radar reading recommendations with  Morning Editions Steve Inskeep. This years picks include mysteries, nonfiction and a fantasy story for young readers. Cant go wrong with a well-loved librarians picks for summer reading.   ____________________ The books we read as teenagers have the potential to shape the type of adults we become (we’ll never forget the first time we read  Harry Potter  and discovered we were a Gryffindor). Here, 21 books that will help every Gen Z-er become the best version of himself or herself. Might not be anything new or revolutionary here, but a really solid list of must-read books for teenagers.   ____________________ Playwright Lin-Manuel Miranda, author Roxane Gay and Olympic skater Michelle Kwan are among those contributing essays to an anthology about navigating between cultures. American Like Me will feature stories from those trying find an identity in a culture that often underrepresents or ignores their experiences. This anthology sounds fantastic.   Sign up to Today In Books to receive  daily news and miscellany from the world of books. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Questions On Single Parent Family - 1260 Words

trexie fernandez melissa shaw english 3 may 23, 2017 Single Parent For many years, children growing up in a single parent family have been viewed as different. Being raised by only one parent seems impossible to many yet over the decades it has become more prevalent. In today s society, many children have grown up to become emotionally stable and successful, whether they had one or two parents to show them the rocky path that life bestows upon all human beings. The problem lies in the difference of children raised by single parents versus children raised by both a mother and a father. Does a child need both parents? Does a young boy need a father figure around? Does the government provide help for single parents? What role do†¦show more content†¦However, even though this may seem impossible, it can be done. As this subject continues to be looked down on people must realize that single parents are becoming more common in today s world. Since 1995 the American family structure for children ages fourteen to eighteen consists of forty-two percent living in a first marriage, family with both parents, twenty-two percent living in a second marriage step-family, twenty-one percent living in a single parent, divorced or separated family, six percent living in a single parent never married family and three percent living in a single parent widowed family. This is an extremely scary statistic considering that fifty eight percent of children in America are living in a single parent family. This is a chilling percentage because it shows how little faith is put into a relationship before actually deciding to have children. Unfortunately not all single-parents take the time to perform the vital tasks needed to raise their children. Parents who think they would never be able to provide emotional stabil ity for their children by themselves should have taken the time to think this through before deciding to become parents. Accidents may happen once in a while but in most cases adults know what is at stake when planning to have a child. Plain and simple, if you re not ready, than don t do it. If you do decide to have this child and you loveShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Family Formation Change On The Cognitive, Social, And Emotional Well Being Of The Next Generation1031 Words   |  5 PagesAmato, P. R. (2005). The impact of family formation change on the cognitive, social, and emotional well-being of the next generation. Journal of Marriage and Child Wellbeing, 15 (2), 75-90. Retrieved from: www.futureofchildren.org. This journal explains that researchers, such as Amato, have several theories that explain why and how children growing up with single parents have an elevated risk of experiencing problems. Some of these problems include cognitive thinking, social interaction and theRead MoreShould A Child Be Raised Together Or Alone?1256 Words   |  6 PagesTogether or Alone? Britny Valdez â€Æ' Should a Child Be Raised Together or Alone? â€Å"Single-parent families now constitute 30 percent of all families with minor children and are the most rapidly growing families in America† (as cited in Dowd, 1997). When people hear the term ‘single-parent’ they automatically think it means a person who is the legal guardian of a child or children. It is typical for a single-parent to be a woman, because the statistics on the proportion of the children who live withRead MoreThe Changing Nature of Family Life Essay1117 Words   |  5 PagesChanging Nature of Family Life The focus of this piece of coursework is the changing nature of family life given the extent of fatherless families in modern Britain. Functionalists such as parsons and Murdock will be researched, as well as the views of Damos and Sapsfors to comment on the impact of fatherless families. My interest in fatherless family stems from my own personal family experience of having divorce parents and living in one parent family headed by my motherRead MoreEating Disorders And The Treatment Of Bulimia Nervosa Essay914 Words   |  4 Pages Are Single-Parent Families Different from Two-Parent Families in the Treatment of Adolescent Bulimia Nervosa Using Family-Based Treatment? Uchenna Obiagwu University of North Texas Are Single-Parent Families Different from Two-Parent Families in the Treatment of Adolescent Bulimia Nervosa Using Family-Based Treatment? A research was conducted on forty-one 17 years old female adolescent with bulimia nervosa. The purpose of the study was to examine whether family play a vital role for theRead MoreDeal Book Essay1524 Words   |  7 PagesThis book gives single parents an ideal of what to expect when dating. When a person has children sometimes it difficult to find a date, even to find time to date someone. Ron L. Deal has come up with different guidelines to help a single person find love in all the right places. Getting Past Butterflies and Warm Fuzzies God made people to be loved. Some people have the longing desire to be loved and married one day while others do not have the desire to have a marriage. When a parent wants again toRead MoreTraditional Families Vs Single Parent Families1615 Words   |  7 PagesTraditional families versus single parent families. A traditional family household is a household with two parents, mother and father. A single parent family household is a one parent hou sehold a mother, or father. This household is usually occurs when a parent dies, parents divorce, or the parents was never married and separated after having a child together. The question at hand is would a child be more successful and mentally stable in life growing up in a traditional family household, or single parentingRead MoreParent Families And The Single Parent Family1738 Words   |  7 Pagesyears, one of the most remarkable changes in family structure has been the increase in the number of single-parent families. In this type of family, one parent in the household is raising the children due to the high divorce rates and adults choosing not to marry. This is â€Å"currently the fastest growing family type in North America†. According to a research, â€Å"88 percent of these families are headed by women currently.†9 Children living in single parent households often have to contend with negativeRead MoreA Public Theology Of Single Parenting1581 Words   |  7 PagesA Public Theology of Single Parenting Whereas there are some programs for single parents, churches need to take on effective ministries with/for single parents given that advocates are needed. I picked this social issue because there is a need in our local churches and our modern society in addition to the needs that exist among single parents. Having helped my single friends and single family members; being raised by a single parent and being a single parent myself for the past ten years, I knowRead MoreThe Effects Of Parental Absence On Academic Achievement Of Adolescents1174 Words   |  5 PagesAbsence on the Academic Achievement of Adolescents: The Challenge of Controlling for Family Income. Journal of Family and Economic Issues 23.2, 189-210. A. The article targets the issue that how parent’s absence has a negative effect on the academic achievements of adolescents. It also discusses how it can be difficult for single-parents to manage family income. B. The article tells that when children lose a custodial parent, they go through drastic psychological and practical effects, which eventuallyRead MoreParents as Teachers1326 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿After becoming a single, young mother I found that I was lost, confused and had several reservations. I was alone and didn’t have anyone I knew that was in the same situation as me or had the answers to all the questions that lingered through my head daily. Living in a small town like Atchison, Kansas, I figured there were no programs being offered to young single parents or should I say I didn’t think there were any programs that were being offered to young single parents. Little did I know there

How to Travel Like a Geologist

Geology is everywhere—even where you already are. But to learn more deeply about it, you dont have to actually become a field geologist to get the true hard-core experience. There are at least five other ways you can visit the land under a geologists guidance. Four are for the few, but the fifth way—geo-safaris—is an easier way for the many. 1. Field Camp Geology students have field camps, run by their colleges. For those you have to be enrolled in the degree program. If youre getting a degree, make sure you experience these expeditions, because these are where faculty members do the real work of imparting their science to students. The websites of college geoscience departments often have photo galleries from field camps. Theyre hard work and very rewarding. Even if you never put your degree to use, youll gain from this experience. 2. Research Expeditions Sometimes you can join working geoscientists on a research expedition. For example, when I was with the U.S. Geological Survey I had the good fortune to ride along on several research cruises along the southern coast of Alaska. Many in the USGS bureaucracy had this same opportunity, even some people without geology degrees. Some of my own memories and photos are in the Alaska geology list. 3. Science Journalism Another avenue is to be a really good science journalist. Those are the folks who get invited to places like Antarctica or the Ocean Drilling Program to write books or stories for glossy magazines. These are not jaunts or junkets: everyone, writer and scientist, works hard. But money and programs are available for those in the right position. For a recent example, visit writer Marc Airharts journal from the cenotes of Zacatà ³n, Mexico, on geology.com. 4. Professional Field Trips For professional geoscientists, the most fun are the special field trips that are organized around major scientific meetings. These happen in the days before and after a meeting, and all are led by professionals for their peers. Some are serious tours of things like research sites on the Hayward fault, while others are lighter fare like the geologic tour of Napa Valley wineries I took one year. If you can join the right group, like the Geological Society of America, youre in.   5. Geo-Safaris and Tours For those first four options, you basically have to have a job in the business or be lucky enough to be near the action. But safaris and tours in the worlds great countrysides, led by eager geologists, are for the rest of us. A geo-safari, even a short day trip, will fill you with sights and knowledge, and all you need to do in return is pay some money. Ive built a list of these geo-safaris, and it has a wide range. You can ride a small bus to the mines and villages of Mexico collecting minerals—or do the same in China; you can dig up real dinosaur fossils in Wyoming; you can see the San Andreas fault close up in the California desert. You can get dirty with real spelunkers in Indiana, trek upon the volcanoes of New Zealand, or tour the classic sites of Europe described by the first generation of modern geologists. Some are a nice side-trip if youre in the region whereas others are pilgrimages, to be prepared for like the life-changing experiences they truly are. Many, many safari sites promise that youll experience the geologic wealth of the region, but unless they feature a professional geologist in the group I tend to leave them off the list. That doesnt mean youll learn nothing on those safaris, only that theres no guarantee youll really get a geologists insight into what you see. The Payoff And geological insight is a rich reward that youll take home with you. Because as your eye opens, so does your mind. Youll gain a better appreciation of your own localitys geologic features and resources. Youll have more things to show off to visitors (in my case, I can give you a geo-tour of Oakland). And through heightened awareness of the geologic setting you live in—its limitations, its possibilities and possibly its geoheritage—youll inevitably become a better citizen.Finally, the more you know, the more things you can do on your own.

Process of Grief Free Essays

It can leave you feeling you out of control, angry and unstable, unable to make clear decisions. Negative thoughts can creep up leaving you depressed or anxious, it may affect your self-esteem and you may cope by working longer hours, seeking escape In alcohol, drugs, food or risk taking. Physical Grief Physical grief can feel like you have taken part in a marathon, even though you never started. We will write a custom essay sample on Process of Grief or any similar topic only for you Order Now Energy is a key sign as the exhaustion can be intense and seem to last for ever. It can be delayed and hit you like a tone of bricks physically, with difficulty in sleeping and the ability to function normally. Often physical grief can cause loss of o-ordination where falls occur and health conditions appear. Research shows the connection between stress and grieving, and the appearance of diseases. Social Grief Relationships can be affected, friendships strained and time alone may become more important. Communication can be difficult and what is normally easy may be very hard at school environment. A piece of music, a holiday, anniversary date, a photo or another loss happens can trigger grief. Life continues on as normal for others, but It can feel Like the world has stopped or erne stands still. Purport from others Is important, and can help through the grief stages. Spiritual Grief Grief is something that we all experience and It is important to grieve and there Is no right length of time to mourn. Having a religious brings a strong process and understanding of grief and a strong belief of where the spiral goes. Individual religions believe different things and have their own processes a round death. Sharing with others and having time to grieve together can help with the grieving process. Spiritual grief does not mean that people with faith do not grieve, but it brings hope and the belief of eternal life. There are many suggestions to help people with the grieving process and these are often seen as stages. But in order to get past the difficult feelings, you must experience them. It is important not to try and speed up the process but let it take is course. Taking care of yourself and not rushing into big decisions is important, eating even when you are not hungry, keeping fit and letting people help. Recently, I have lost my Granddad, he played a very special part in my life, and he brought me joy and let me be myself. We had a private family funeral, we all wrote messages on the coffin and played a part in his passing. I danced too song (put the name in) and choreographed to show my love to him. Grief gives you strength in a funny way, a way to cope with the future. Supporting others with the loss of a loved one and how this affects the individual and the others around them. Coping with Stress and the Grief of someone eating even when you are not hungry, keeping fit and letting people help. Being aware of an individual’s loss is where the school community can assist in caring for the individual. Support groups and independent people to talk to would provide an opportunity for the individual to talk and discuss their feelings. Experiences of others who have lost could be the audience of the group, as they will men through something similar and let the person know that it is k to feel what they are feeling. Not telling someone how to feel is important, as each experience is different. Recently, I lost my Granddad, he played a very special part in my life, and he brought me Joy and let me be myself. We had a private family funeral, we all wrote messages on the coffin and played a part in his passing. I danced too song (put the name in) and choreographed to show my love to him. It was good to speak with my friends who were very supportive and caring. Grief gives you strength in a funny way, a way to cope with the future. 1. Shock and Denial Throughout this time you can feel very overwhelmed and lost, also in order to forget you can avoid the situation. 2. Pains and Guilt Once you have passed the first stage it is important that you experience the pain fully, and not hide it, avoid it or escape from it with alcohol or drugs. You could also feel guilty that you might have not spent, as much time with you loved one, as you wanted too etc. 3. Anger and Bargaining By this stage you could feel angry or frustrated and you could lash out at others. You could also start asking yourself questions like†¦ â€Å"Why me? † 4. Depression, Reflection and Loneliness Just when your friends may think you should be getting on with your life, a long period of sad reflection will likely overtake you. You may isolate yourself on purpose, reflect on things you did with your lost one, and focus on memories of the past. You may sense feelings of emptiness or despair. 5. The upward turn As you start to adjust to life without your loved one, your life becomes a little calmer and more organized. Your physical symptoms lessen, and your â€Å"depression† begins to lift slightly. 6. Reconstruction and working thorough You will start to work on practical and financial problems and reconstructing yourself ND your life without him or her. How to cite Process of Grief, Essays

Buyer Seller Relationships Impact of Cross-Culture

Question: In the current international economic environment, entrepreneurs and managers are frequently required to undertake business planning, project and consultancy work in addition to their core responsibilities. Frequently, these projects are focused upon investigating new business opportunities or potential strategic changes in order to create, retain and extend competitive position. Furthermore, they may also be required to undertake consulting assignments. The assessment task is to design and deliver a 4500 5000 words research report, through the application of appropriate research methods to a consultancy project, provided by the module team. Answer: Chapter 1: Introduction Introduction: Cross-cultural buyer-seller relationship for a multinational company named Clarks; the UK has been described to understand the issues in this organisation. Culture has a huge impact in developing the buying behaviour of an individual. However, the international business set up allows them to perform their business outside of the domestic environment (Viio and Grnroos, 2016, p.37). In another country, there are many domestic brand and companies that perform their business following the local culture. Therefore, it is a primary problem for a multinational company to develop their business in a different cultural environment and maintain cross-cultural buyer-seller relationship in a good manner. The research is performed to identify the impact of such relationship that develops the challenges in the cross-cultural environment. In this chapter, background of Clarks has been analysed and as per the research aim the objectives has been established to meet up the goal of the research. Finally, significance and the structure of the study are made to develop a framework of the research work for successful accomplishment. In this research the main issue is the habit and the choice of the customers of other country which is different from the habit and choice of the customer of the home country of Clarks. It hampers the international business of Clarks because of their business environment that is not favourable enough for the foreign customers and affects the buyer seller relationship due to cultural differentiation that reduces the business of the Clarks. Cultural belief has a huge impact on the purchasing habit of the customers that influence them to grab the product or refuse it due to uncomfortable service. Buyer seller relationship develops based on the proper communication and behaviour that are performed during the promotion as well as transactional process. Therefore, cultural mismatch leads them to maintain distance that has a negative impact on the international business activity of Clarks. This issue can be resolved by the adaptation of the local cultural factors such as language and behavi oural style that can make the customers feel familiar with the company to purchase their desirable product. Moreover, local employees can be recruited to deal with the customers by the own cultural values that ensure the bonding between buyer seller relationship that was affected by the cross cultural factors. Research questions: What are the issues of cross-cultural buyer seller relationship on Clarks? What are the possible layouts to balance cross-cultural buyer seller relationship of Clarks? What is perceived by the cross-cultural buyers regarding the business activity of Clarks? What is the importance of the cross-cultural buyer-seller relationship for the business of Clarks? What is the appropriate recommendation for enhancing the relationship between buyers and sellers? Research objectives: To identify the impact of cross-cultural buying behaviour in Clarks To understand the possible layouts to balance cross-cultural business of Clarks To recognise the perception of the cross-cultural buyers regarding the product of Clarks To understand the importance of the cross-cultural buyer-seller relationship for the business of Clarks To recommend suitable ways for improving the relationship between buyers and sellers Research rationale: A multinational brand faces the cultural barrier to developing a relationship with the customers as well as difficulties to sell their products in the international market due to the hard competition in that particular host country. In this study, cross-cultural buying behaviour is the main issue that hampers an international business. People belong from the different culture are habituated with their regular brands that suit their culture. Therefore, it is a problem for an international brand to convince the buyers with their products and develop the relationship with them (Hewet and Krasnikov, 2016, p.57). At present most of the companies of UK are looking for the international business set up. Therefore, it is required to understand the possible impact of cross-cultural buyer-seller relationship to regulate the international business set up to viable profitability The research shed light on the possible ways to resolve the cross-cultural buyer-seller issue for the multinational companies. Significance of the research: The research is important to identify the possible problems that hamper the cross-cultural buying behaviour of the international customers (Narayandas and Rangan, 2010, p.63). This identification will allow developing the suitable strategy to resolve the current problems to improve the relationship between cross-cultural buyer and sellers of Clarks. This kind of strategy will provide a huge opportunity to Clark to establish their international business setting as well as deal with their customer to earn success and profit. Structure of the Dissertation: Figure: Structure of the Dissertation (Source: Made by author) Summary: In this chapter, the entire research plan has been done in the structure of the dissertation with the proper aim as well as the objective of the research. Research questions are made to recognise proper direction of the study and identify the required issues to analyse it for further study. The significance of the research establishes the actual requirement of this research. Chapter 2: Literature Review Introduction: Discussion of buyer-seller relationship from different aspects has been analysed in this chapter. The impact of cross-cultural behaviour and affecting factors of buyer-seller relationship has been evaluated based on previous research works. Theory and model of buyer-seller relationship have been explained. Finally, the gap between the current and previous research work has been identified. A conceptual framework is made to understand the actual strategy of the research. Relationship between buyer and seller: In today's business market the marketers put a great effort to improve their efficiency and effectiveness to satisfy their consumers in all aspects. The Strong understanding between the buyer and the seller can turn a single transaction into long-term beneficial relationships (Healy, 2011, p. 560). The sellers must put their efforts in managing the dynamics of buyer-seller evolution. The buyer-seller relationship includes the following five different stages: pre-relationship stage, exploratory stage, development stage, stable stage and final stage. Ongoing through this stages the buyer may face some uncertainty situations like market uncertainty, transactional uncertainty, need uncertainty (Jordan et al. 2013, p.15). The seller should pay strict attention in resolving this uncertainty of the buyer in order to strengthen the buyer-seller relationship. An organisation can improve their buyer-seller relationship by attaining their customer loyalty. With the increase in attaining the cus tomer loyalty, the seller can achieve more profit. If the customers are loyal for any marketing organisation they will show their interest in purchasing the brand new products of the marketing company (Mar Miras Rodrguez et al. 2015, p.237). Hence a new scope of making a profit by introducing new products in the market arises. Impact of cross-cultural factors on buyer and seller relationship: In order to make a strong buyer-seller relationship, the study, and understanding of the cross-cultural influence in the business market are very necessary. The unconscious reference of the cultural values of an individual may create disturbance in acceptance and understand the cultural values of others. The cultural values and beliefs often create disturbance in interpersonal and mass communication, negotiation. There lays an interdependence relationship between the developing nation of the third world and the well-developed industrial nations. For the industrial and economical survival access to natural resources, markets and capital of each other is very necessary (Segarra-Moliner et al. 2013, p.215). In such cases, influences of the cross-cultural influences are very necessary. Moreover, the industrial development of a nation depends on both exports and imports. Influence on cross-cultural references is found in this field also. Factors affecting the relation between buyer and seller: The relationship between buyer and seller is a very important to develop the viability of the business. There are many factors that have the huge impact on the relationship between buyer and seller. According to Shia and Luo (2012, p.2432), trust is a very major requirement that enhances the base of the relationship. Trust is achieved after a long term service period therefore, the sellers need to hold their patience and try to service with full concentration and effort. Product and the service of a company play a vital role to achieve the trust that is able to fulfill the expectation of the customers (Sudbury Riley et al. 2012, p.312). On the contrary, Jones and Leonard (2014, p.73) mentioned in this context that commitment is required to maintain the relationship. Commitment to providing a quality product and service increase the expectation of the customers, however, if the company fails to keep their commitment it ruins the relationship with the customers (Mueller Loose and Remaud, 2013, p.142). The similarity in culture and adoption power a company can serve the buyers as per their expectation, however, cultural differentiation and low adoption power downturn their motivation to buy the products from the particular company. In this context, Video and Gronroos (2016, p.38) opined that along with the lack of cultural adaptation power, a linguistic problem often hampers the relationship between the buyer and seller. Lack of knowledge in local language affects the fluent interaction between the buyers and seller. They unable to share their thought related to their perception hence it destroy the relationship and increase distance. It is unable to satisfy the buyers that influence them to avoid the company and shift to another one for their personal requirement. Finally, Hewett and Krasnikov, (2016, p.60) stated that lack of cooperation among the buyer-seller regarding product and service ruined the relationship. Feedbacks of customers are very important whereas the company attentively follow those for improvement. Negligence of the remarks is a reason of poor relationship between the buyer and sellers (Walsh and Bartikowski, 2013, p.989). Theories and models of buyer-seller relationship Buyer-seller dyed theory: Different models are theories are relevant that can be discussed in this study. Buyer-seller dyed theory is a very effective one that reflects the fruitfulness of the interaction between buyer and seller regarding their perception as well as expectation. According to this theory, the seller exhibits their products to the buyers and influences them to buy it. The seller can perform their personal business or deal with the product or service of any other company (Chowdhury, 2012, p.52). Push and pull strategy are consciously used by them to develop the interaction with the buyers. It is a strategy to influence buyer with positive communication that can attract them to the product or service of a company. Sales persons play a vital role in this sector to perform the interaction session to understand the requirement of the customers and make their existing product relevant with their expectation. Connection development between the customers' expected service or product and the company's product or service grow the relationship status (Kabadayi et al. 2011, p.31). This process accomplished in three steps. In the first, step the seller identifies the need of the buyer. Next information sharing takes place regarding buyer and seller and finally the transaction takes place between customer and seller (Kim and Johnson, 2013, p.79). Andersons Model: In this model, cross-cultural buyer-seller relationship has been designed by Anderson. According to this model, there are three effective international dimensions that are the key factors to building up a cross-cultural buyer-seller relationship. These are 1) initiation of the business relationship in an international setting, 2) maintenance of relationship according to the international culture and 3) maintain the viability of the interaction between the business network and the external and internal relationship of stakeholders (Voldnes et al. 2012, p.1081). This model reflects multiple dimensions that help to continue an effective relationship between customers and sellers. An integrated model of buyer-seller relationships: On the other, hand an integrated model of buyer-seller relationships depicts the five effective stages such as partner selection in which the group of buyers is selected by the sellers depending on their type of product or service (Voldnes, 2015, p.56). In the next stage, the buyer expresses the facilities of the product or the service through the different medium of advertisement. This kind of advertisement helps the customers to know about the product or service offered by the particular company (Benton and Maloni, 2015, p.1). Further, the customer's contact with the buyers to get more information regarding the advertised product and this communication develop the relationship between them. It influences the buyer to decide their requirement knowing about to the quality of the service or product (Gauvain et al. 2013, p.1148). Finally, the good quality increase the customer loyalty towards the company and relationship is maintained in a successful manner (Hsiao et al. 2012, p.760). Here fulfillment of commitment of the company plays an important role to retain the customer. These four steps are very essential to develop a good relationship between customer and seller. Gap in literature: In the previous research works, customer and seller relationship has been elaborately described and analyzed that entirely reflects the affecting factors in the business. However, the current research is based on the cross-cultural relationship between buyer and seller, where a multinational company performs business in a completely different culture as well as with different cultural customers. There is no such description has been made that reflects the impact of such kind of relationship and impact of the relationship on the business setting. It is a huge gap between the current and previous research work. Background of the company and Conceptual Framework: Clarks is a multinational footwear manufacturer company of UK that maintains a number of retail stores in all over the world such as US, China, India, Australia and other countries (Clarks.com. 2016). In the year 1825, the company has started its journey and expands its branches in all over the UK. Finally, they developed international set up and started to develop showrooms in different countries. Figure 2.1: Logo of the Company (Source: Clarks.com. 2016) They manufacture shoes and other accessories as per the Western culture as well as the country where they establish their manufacturing unit and showrooms. As per the final year report of Clarks, the annual revenue is 1,492m. Clarks is an English shoe manufacturing company that has their manufacturing farm in different countries to perform sustainable supply as per the demand of the customers. The resources are collected by the company from the domestic market that influences them to provide quality product within a reasonable price to the customers under their brand name. However, the suppliers of the organisation in the host country sometimes are unable to perform effective activity to serve Clarks that has impact on the production of the shoes of Clarks. According to Waichhofer et al. (2015, p.315), supply chain plays an important role to maintain the principle of the business attentively for effective outcome. Lack of skill and advancement of the local supply chain results the low production level. Moreover, quality maintenance becomes difficult to the company because of the cultural differentiation. On the contrary Hoppner et al. (2015, p.83) stated that the supplier do not have proper idea regarding the business principle and brand image of a foreign company it makes them disable to maintain the objective of the company. Here cross cultural buyer seller relationship has a huge impact that performs between the supply chains of host country and the business of a foreign company. In this context Henneberg et al. (2015, p.271) stated that Interaction and understanding between the buyer and seller need to be very much strong that can increase trust by a long term balance of commitment. Adoption of the local culture is effective for Clarks to handle the supply chain to motivate them to deal with the business setting. Indirectly it will affect the customers of the host country of Clarks that results the consumer satisfaction on the products and the behavioural pattern of the company. This satisfaction influences the relationship between the cross cultured buyer and seller that increase the growth of the international business setup of a company. Figure 2.2: Conceptual Framework (Source: Created by Author) In this chapter, different factors and impact of buyer-seller relationship have been described and evaluation of different factors has been stated. From the description of various theories and models of the buyer-seller relationship, the proper pathway of maintenance of the relationship has been identified. Gap analysis between the current and previous research work has been done and finally a conceptual framework has been provided in this chapter to understand the impact of the relationship between cross cultured buyers and seller. Research Methodology Introduction: Research methodology provides a brief description of the research onion, philosophy, approach and design of the research. Then the data collection and sampling method are discussed. At the end, the plan and tools used in the analysis of data and the ethical parameter of the analysis are discussed. Research onion: In a development of a research strategy, the idea of the different stages which might be covered can be illustrated with the help of research onion. Each layer of the research onion denotes a clear idea about the stages of research strategy. A researcher gets an authentic conclusion on the research strategy with the help of the research onion. A diagrammatical representation of the research onion is provided in Figure 3.1: Figure 3.1: Research Onion (Source: Saunders et al. 2009, p.52) The outermost layer of the research onion is the research philosophy while the innermost layer represents the data collection method. The data collection method lies as the innermost layer because with the help of the collected data evaluation of the research aims are made and the research work ends up at this stage. Research philosophy: Research philosophy represents the way in which the data on the research work will be collected, analyzed and applied. Research philosophy can be classified into four categories which are Pragmatism, Positivism, Realism and Interpretivism (Bergh and Ketchen, 2014, p.65). Here positivism approach of philosophy has been followed by the researcher. Positivism philosophy depends on the quantifiable observations which result in the accumulation of detailed and accurate knowledge of the research work. The researchers have applied positivism philosophical approach in understanding the motives and behaviour of the staffs in a very scientific manner. Research approach: The approaches of research work can be categorized as inductive approach and deductive approach. For the current research work, the deductive approach was found to be very effective as here the actual research starts with the theoretical study of a literature review. The researchers have conducted primary research. The outcomes from this primary research have been observed, analysed and explained by them. Modification of the existing theories was done on the basis of the new findings of the current research work (Bryman and Bell, 2012, p.25). The researcher has incorporated relevant details on the effect of cross-cultural buyer-seller relationship in the marketing field with the help of research questions. With the inclusion of secondary research and the quantitative and qualitative approach the researcher achieve an accurate and valid conclusion. Research design: A research design for a work includes the way of the collection of information, the complete idea of tools required for the research, proper application of the tools in the evaluation of the data collected. The different types of research designs are descriptive, exploratory and explanatory. In the current research work among the different research design, the descriptive research design was found to be very effective in acquiring accurate conclusion. The descriptive approach of research helps in the exploration and explanation of the research findings. The descriptive design has helped in sorting out the current performance appraisal issues and the consequent suggestions for overcoming them (Crowther and Lancaster, 2011, p.98). Data collection method: Data collection can be conducted in the following two ways: primary data collection and secondary data collection. For the current research work, the researcher has focussed both on the primary and secondary data collection method. In order to collect primary data, the researcher conducted an online survey of the close-ended questionnaires. Moreover, to gather information in qualitative subjects the researcher set appointment with the management (Brewer et al. 2011, p.254). It is impossible to conduct interview with the managing director of the company because of their valuable designation and lack of time therefore assistant managers are considered as participates for the interview. The venue of the interview is the conference hall of the company of Clarks at the recess hours. In addition to that information was collected from secondary sources such as text books, journals, and websites. Sample size and sampling method: The size and the choice of the sample play an important role in the research work. The size of the sample helps the researcher in compiling the data within time. Samples should be chosen from a diversified field so that the researcher can achieve an unbiased conclusion. The researcher should always keep one thing in his mind that the collected data should be relevant to the topic under experimentation. In a case of the current research work 55 customers and 3 managers from Clarks were randomly selected for the sampling process convenience. Sampling methods are of two types: probability sampling and nonprobability sampling (Farahat and MacIsaac, 2010, p.99). Probability sampling is an unbiased method in which people are randomly selected for the convenience of the survey. This practice facilitates an authentic result for the researcher. In the case of nonprobability method, a set of people are selected and their opinion and views are studied for the research. In the current research w ork probability and nonprobability method was conducted respectively through questionnaire survey from a large sample and interview sessions with a target sample. Data analysis plans and tools: In order to achieve an accurate conclusion within time selection of appropriate tools required for the analysis of collected data is very necessary. In this current research, the analysis of data and information was employed by using MS Excel. The responses of the 55 customers and 5 managers of Clark have been calculated using percentage system. The obtained results were diagrammatically represented via graphs and tables. The chosen data analysis plan and tools used for the analysis purpose were very useful to achieve accurate results. Research ethics: Research ethics should strictly maintain while conducting research work which includes gathering information through questionnaire survey and interview sessions. In this regard, the researcher did not put any force on the respondents during the questionnaire survey and interview session. The respondents were free in determining the answers. In accordance with the confidentiality purpose, the disclosure of the name of the respondents was strictly prohibited. Moreover, the company details were also destroyed after the completion of the research work and were not exposed publicly. Limitations: The major limitations of this research work were the limited time frame and restricted area of study. Moreover, the interviewees also did not show their interest and activeness in fixing interview dates at the initial state of the research which result in delaying of research work. Summary: This section has mentioned different research philosophy used for the analysis of current research works. The selection of these research philosophies depends on the aims and objectives of the research work. The researchers have mentioned the consequent sample size and the sampling process. On addition of that, a proper time plan has been also mentioned here which denotes the consumption of time at different activities of the research work. Chapter 4: Discussion and Evaluation Introduction: In this chapter, primary data collection has been conducted in which the quantitative survey is completed among the 55 customers of the local India market and qualitative interview of 3-floor managers of Clarks in London. In this chapter the findings are accomplished in two sections. In the 4.2 quantitative analysis has been performed and 4.3 qualitative analysis has been performed to collect the data. Quantitative analysis has been performed in the 4 questions and represented the data through pie chart and table format. On the other hand the qualitative data are provided with the statements and 2 questions that are provided to understand the analytical thought. Quantitative data collection: Q 1: Which factors make you most uncomfortable of a multinational company? According to the survey, it can be observed that the customers are highly believed that cultural differentiation is the most uncomfortable factor that does not motivate them to buy any product from a company. The reason might be the lack of similarity in the products in which they are habituated. Among the 55 respondents 45% customers remarks so. On the other hand, 22% customers feel uncomfortable with the uniform, 18% disturbs with the way of taking of the sellers and finally, 15% customers are annoyed with the language problem. According to them the seller of the multinational company is not fluent in their language that influences them to avoid the products. Table 4.1: Uncomfortable factors of a multinational company Options Respondents Percentage of respondents Total respondents Uniform 12 22% 55 Culture 25 45% 55 Interaction 10 18% 55 Language 8 15% 55 Figure 4.1: Uncomfortable factors of a multinational company Q 2: What factors can improve buyer-seller relationship? As per the survey, it can be monitored that the customer thinks that cultural adaptation can improve the relationship between the multinational company and the buyers. 24% customer remarked on the cultural adaptation through which the seller is able to identify the requirement and habit of the buyer. According to 20% customers, open communication can help to improve the relationship. Trust development is stated by 22% customers in which loyalty can improve the relationship. Finally, as per 10% and 9% customers, coordination and social media can improve the relationship respectively. Table 4.2: Factors that help to improve the buyer-seller relationship Options Respondents Percentage of respondents Total respondents Cultural adaptation 13 24% 55 Open Communication 11 20% 55 Building Trust 12 22% 55 Co-ordination 10 18% 55 Social Media 9 16% 55 Figure 4.2: Factors that help to improve the buyer-seller relationship Q 3: How often do you interact with your seller? The interaction between buyer and seller frequently takes place according to 65% customers however, 22% and 13% customers told that they rarely or never interact with the seller. Interaction sort out the issues, however, due to the lack of knowledge in local language and way of talking is unable to improve the buyer-seller relationship. Table 4.3: Frequency of buyer-seller interaction Options Respondents Percentage of respondents Total respondents Frequently 36 65% 55 Rarely 12 22% 55 Never 7 13% 55 Figure 4.3: Frequency of buyer-seller interaction Q 4: How far do you agree with the fact that culture is an affecting factor to develop the relationship with a multinational company? Most of the customers agree with the fact that culture is responsible for the poor relationship between buyer and seller. 42% customers showed strongly agree with this idea. 33% customers have also stated that different cultural practice is effective to ruin the buyer-seller relationship and finally 15%, 7%, and 3% customers replied that culture is unable to hamper the relationship. As per the majority, it can be identified that culture has a huge negative impact on the buyer-seller relationship. Table 4.4 Cultural factors affect the relationship Options Respondents Percentage of respondents Total respondents Strongly agree 23 42% 55 Agree 18 33% 55 Neutral 8 15% 55 Disagree 4 7% 55 Strongly disagree 2 3% 55 Figure 4.4: Cultural factors affect the relationship Qualitative data collection: Q 1: What is your perception regarding the cross-cultural buyer-seller relationship? It can be seen that managers are partially aware of the situation of their cross-cultural relationship. Which might be a problem for them to improve such unfavourable situation in their business? It is in a balancing mode. We follow different strategies to deal with the foreign customers and offering them low cost and quality product we are trying to attract them and develop good relationship Manager: 1 I am partially agreed with manager 1 because I have monitored that the customer's expectation is not entirely fulfilled by our strategy which is an issue that does not give us a chance to grab their total attention Manager: 3 The statement of the managers reflects that their strategies are effective to maintain the cross cultural buyer seller relationship which has a positive impact on the business. Q 2: Do you think specific cultural adaptation and improvement of the strategies can sort out the issue? The managers are agreed with the fact that improvement of their international business strategy can improve the relationship. Moreover, cultural adaptation can help them to attract and retain more customers for their company. The International business strategy needs to be very authentic and as per the expectation of the customers that influence them to come and buy our products. Manager 2 I strongly agree with manager 1. Improvement of the existing strategies and familiarity with their language and culture will prepare a strong base of a cross-cultural business relationship between buyer and seller. Manager 1 Through the statements it reflects that international strategy and adaptation of the international culture are well accepted by the company that influence them to uplift the relation with the company. Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation It can be concluded that cultural differentiation of a company is a vital factor to destroy the relationship buyer and seller in Clarks. There are many factors within cultural dissimilarity that become an obstruction to the built up relationship with the customers. The survey and interview also depict that adaptation of culture of the particular country will help to grab the customers and increase the interaction that will be a positive sign to improve the relationship of the buyer-seller relationship in Clarks. In this research only cultural issue has been discussed however there are many other issues such as economic and political which can hamper the buyer-seller relationship. Possible reasons and solution are not described in this research. Clarks should be attentive towards the cultural adaptation of the country and try to understand the habit of uses of the customers. Moreover, they should learn the language and utilize the human resource of that particular country to avail the cultural benefit without any hassle. The recommendations will be beneficial because cultural adaptation and recruitment of the local people will support Clarks to perform their business with the expectation of the foreign country. 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Mathematics Methodology Classroom Effect on Efficacy of Elementary Teachers

Background of the Study The theoretical concept of this research is teacher efficacy and belief, which originated from Bandura’s self-efficacy in social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1986). It has two elements, which include â€Å"efficacy expectations and outcome expectancies† (Bandura, 1986). The author is also quite categorical that efficacy among individuals has been demonstrated in various ways. For example, individuals can undertake self reflection in order to boost their levels of self efficacy.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Mathematics Methodology Classroom Effect on Efficacy of Elementary Teachers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, they are excellent self-regulators especially if they are allowed to monitor themselves. Other similar characteristics of self efficacy include being proactive, and self-organizing. Bandura notes that human beings usually contribute to the circumstances facing their lives besides the fact that they are products of the same circumstances. Kazempour also shares a similar sentiment about the relationship between the ideas of self-efficacy and teacher efficacy by asserting that they relate to each other (Kazempour, 2008). He noted that teachers who demonstrated confidence in mathematics teaching strategies had the ability to influence their students. In this context, the teacher’s belief has a direct influence on potential student outcomes in mathematics. It is also imperative to mention that teachers can use various strategies to enhance student outcomes and provide appropriate feedback that encourages positive results. As a matter of fact, teachers with high levels of efficacy have the ability to put in place and utilize various types of strategies. It is not possible to deliver the best results and claim efficacies if myriad types of strategies are not sourced and utilized. The role of an elementary teacher should be to impr ove student outcomes through different teaching strategies. Based on this observation, Kazempour (2008) concluded that learners’ performances in mathematics depended on their teacher’s efficacy, because teacher efficacy as dictated by the use of various strategies had a significant influence on the outcome of students. When multiple and efficient strategies are used, learners are easily motivated and therefore are expected to perform exceptionally well. On the same note, Bursal (2007 also noted that the use of self-efficacy in improving mathematics literacy allowed teachers to enhance student outcomes regardless of their social backgrounds or other challenges (Bursal, 2007). Teachers who were aware of self-efficacy stressed the importance of learners in the teaching and learning process. Such teachers made students believe they were a part of the learning process. In this model, learners may feel that their contributions are also important to the class and develop inte rest in the subject (Bursal, 2007).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With reference to Bandura’s theoretical framework and other studies on personal efficacy and teacher self-efficacy, teacher efficacy may be defined as the teacher’s â€Å"judgment of his or her capabilities to bring about desired outcomes of student engagement and learning, even among those students who may be difficult or unmotivated† (Bandura, 1986; Ashton, Webb, Doda, 1982a; Ashton, Webb, 1986). It is important to understand the two aspects of teacher efficacy. Teachers also have personal beliefs through which they view the effectiveness of their teaching strategies. In addition, teaching outcome expectancy consists of teachers’ beliefs that effective teaching can effective teaching can create â€Å"positive student learning outcomes regardless of external factors† (Bandura, 198 6; Ashton, Webb Doda, 1982b). Teachers who hold this view believe that external factors such as family background, parental influence, IQ, school conditions, and home environment do not influence a student’s performance in mathematics once the teacher uses the appropriate strategy to enhance the student’s ability to learn and grasp new information. The above is among the strategies that have been employed to boost the efficacy of teachers when handling mathematics at the elementary level. This strategy is indeed an effective mathematics methodology for improving the efficacy of teachers (Cone, 2009). In yet another assertion, the author made it clear that community-based service learning â€Å"significantly influenced pre-service elementary teachers’ outcome expectancy toward equitable science teaching and learning† (Cone 2009, p.26). Cone’s study aimed to establish why pre-service teachers had low levels of teaching efficacy beliefs despite the i mprovement in science and other education courses. Problems may occur when the teacher is not certain about his or her skills or ability to ensure effective teaching. Teacher efficacy accounts for learners’ achievement, teacher behavior, and motivation, but it tends to be specific to certain contexts (Little, 2003). Within the context of mathematics, teaching efficacy focuses on two fundamental areas that relate to two aspects of teacher efficacy: mathematics teaching efficacy and teaching outcome expectancy. Few studies regarding mathematics teaching efficacy among elementary pre-service teachers exist.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Mathematics Methodology Classroom Effect on Efficacy of Elementary Teachers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, available studies have shown â€Å"a statistically significant increase in mathematics teaching efficacy after completion of one methods course or a sequen ce of methods courses† (Huinker Madison, 1997; Cakiroglu, 2000). Moreover, such improvements were also evident after completing content in mathematics courses. According to Lee (2010), studies have concentrated on teacher efficacy and correlated its significance to factors like classroom instructional strategies and eagerness to use new approaches in teaching. Both pre-service and in-service teachers who demonstrated high standards of teacher efficacy often used various approaches during their classroom lessons. Czernaik noted that teachers who possessed high standards of self-efficacy were most likely to use inquiry and student-centered teaching and learning methods (Czerniak, 1990). On the other hand, teachers who had low-levels of self-efficacy were likely to apply teacher-centered approaches in the classroom. In addition, teachers who had high standards of teaching efficacy were likely to apply new methods in their classrooms. This could be a difficult method to implement , â€Å"involved risks and would require sharing control with learners† (Czerniak, 1990, p.120). Such teachers attempt to match reforms proposed by the NCTM of 2000. Pre-service teachers often have preconceived beliefs concerning mathematics and their teaching and learning abilities in this subject (Cakiroglu, 2008). Most of these beliefs originate from their experiences as students. A number of these pre-service teachers have different views about mathematics. According to Cakiroglu, pre-service teachers also noted that exposure to â€Å"reform strategies in mathematics methods courses affected their level of mathematics teacher efficacy† (Cakiroglu, 2000). Hoffman studied the role of â€Å"self-efficacy beliefs, mathematics anxiety, and working memory capacity in problem-solving accuracy, response time, and efficiency; i.e., the ratio of problem-solving accuracy to response time (Hoffman, 2010). He noted that there were differences in â€Å"self-efficacy role on ef ficiency and response time, and a possible compensatory association between self-efficacy and mathematics anxiety in relation to efficiency outcomes† (Hoffman, 2010). Some past studies have noted that pre-service teachers with high standards of mathematics teacher efficacy often used manipulative instructional strategies. When manipulative strategies are used, misconceptions that may arise from poor instructional methods are avoided. For example, when mathematical teachers offer instructions to learners, it is vital for them to diagnose the common errors that individual learners often face when carrying out calculations.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It may be possible that a learner persistently fails a particular mathematical problem due to misconceived ideas. If such misconceptions are not dealt with out rightly, the affected learner may continue facing the same mathematical challenge. It is against this backdrop that the mathematical teacher is supposed to make use of instructional exercises that cannot just diagnose the problem, but also assist the learner to solve the mathematical challenge as quickly and effectively as possible. It is inevitable that learners may sometimes experience difficulties when handling mathematical problems. While some of these difficulties may be occasioned by ineffective instructional methods in a classroom environment, it is also possible that students may individually acquire erroneous procedures and misconceptions when they are practicing how to carry out mathematical computations. Perhaps, mathematical instructions should take the form of paper and pencil guideline especially when teachers a re introducing new concepts to young learners Therefore, pre-service teachers who demonstrated high standards of mathematics teacher efficacy were favorable toward reforms in teaching and learning mathematics. On the other hand, pre-service teachers who demonstrated low standards of mathematics teacher efficacy required improvement in their manipulative strategies in order to facilitate teaching mathematics in classrooms. Such outcomes are persistent with some past studies (Battista,1994;Czerniak, 1990). Cakiroglu (2000) is of the opinion that pre-service teachers must understand the importance of classroom instructional approaches and teacher efficacy besides showing their eagerness for adopting reforms in teaching and learning mathematics at the elementary level. The author has used a theoretical model to expound this phenomenon. Cakiroglu noted that it was important for elementary pre-service teachers to take part in â€Å"a mathematics methods course in order to increase mathem atics teacher efficacy† (Cakiroglu, 2000, p.92). In addition, elementary pre-service teachers also require encouragement and outstanding experiences when teaching mathematics method courses. This will allow such teachers to work toward achieving the efficaciousness required by mathematics reforms. It is also vital for pre-service teachers to gain and utilize the much needed teaching experience bearing in mind that long term exposure to different levels of complexities often enhances teacher efficacy and high level delivery of lesson content. To ensure that all these factors are considered, this study will seek to answer the following questions: What are the main impacts of the teachers’ training course on the self-efficacy levels of pre-service teachers? Do self-efficacy and beliefs towards mathematics affect the behavior of pre-service teachers in classrooms and their teaching practices? How do the participants view mathematics, and what is the relationship between th eir perception of mathematics and their classroom practices? What are pre-service teachers’ perceptions of their understanding of the subject of mathematics and their ability to teach the subject? Characteristics of the Subject Population Age range. The age range for research participants will be 20 years and above. This will account for diversity among pre-service teachers in the United States. Gender. Research participants will consist of both female and male pre-service teachers in the ratio of 1:1 respectively. Number of participants. Approximately 14 to 18 pre-service teachers in Indiana university of Pennsylvania Sample. The researcher will determine the appropriate sample based on the population of pre-service teachers in the region of the study. This sample will consist of pre-service teachers enrolled in a method class. Inclusion criteria. The study will include only Indiana University of Pennsylvania students who are majoring in education (pre-service) and are trai ning as mathematics teachers at the elementary level. Vulnerable subjects No vulnerable subjects will be included in the study. The participants are adult and volunteers. They can withdraw at any time in the study. Methods and Procedures Method of Subject Selection In order to conduct the study, a list of pre-service teachers in Indiana University of Pennsylvania will be obtained from the coordinators of the mathematics departments. Each of the mathematics department will be requested to avail 3 male and 3 female participants in order to balance the number of participants in the survey. Study Site The study site for each interview will be in University settings. However, she will also respect the wishes of respondents. Therefore, respondents are free to choose a location for the interview. Methods and Procedures Applied to Human Subjects Firstly, I will send the survey to everyone by the email n the beginning of the semester then at the end of the semester I will ask the class to pa rticipate in the interview. In the end of the semester the one who agree to participate will sign the consent and put it in the box. I will then interview them individually in a university sitting The study will engage respondents in a face-to-face interview. This will provide the opportunity to gather the in-depth information necessary for the study question. The preferred place for the interview is a school environment. This is necessary to ensure professional tone during the process. The study will use survey questionnaires to gather data. The study will involve the use of tape recorders. The researcher will transcribe all collected data and draw his conclusions. This is a preliminary stage of collecting data for the main study. Collected data will help the researcher to identify common themes and formulate appropriate study questions. Risks or Benefits Potential Risks This study does not pose any form of risk to research participants. There is no form of intervention in the stud y. Protection against Risks The study does not pose risks to participants. Therefore, no protection against potential risk is necessary. Potential Benefits This study will assess the pre-service teachers’ attitudes, beliefs, and efficacy toward mathematics. From the results of the study, the relationship between self-efficacy and teaching practices will be determined. Finally, the study will discuss measures that can be taken to ensure that teachers’ training processes are effective and lead to the development of professionals who are effective and efficient in performing their duties. Compensation for participation: Participants for the study will not be compensated, as their involvement will be voluntary. Alternatives to participation: There will be no alternatives to participation. Information withheld: All the information provided by the participants will be confidential. Debriefing – A summary of the procedures and results of the study will be made availab le to any participant at the end of the study. Privacy or Confidentiality Confidentiality Prior to the interview process, the confidentiality of the respondents will be guaranteed. The information gathered from the study will not be accessed by any unauthorized individuals except in the event of an investigation where a warrant has been issued. The researcher will store personal information as well as the data generated from the study in a secure location. Consequently, the confidentiality of the respondents will be maintained during the data analysis and interpretation phases. In the event a participant wishes not to be included or continue with the process, the questionnaires that have been administered to him/her will be destroyed immediately. References Ashton, P. T., Webb, R. B., Doda, N. (1982a). A study of teacher sense of efficacy, Final Report Volume 1. Florida: Foundation of Education University of Florida. Ashton, P. T., Webb, R. B., Doda, N. (1982b). A study of teache rs’ sense of efficacy, Final Report Volume 2. Florida: Foundation of Education University of Florida. Ashton, P.T., Webb, R.B. (1986). Making a difference: Teachers’ sense of efficacy and student achievement. New York: Longman. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 34, 191-215. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Battista, M. T. (1994). Teacher beliefs and the reform movement of mathematics education. Phi Delta Kappan, 75, 462-470. Bursal, M. (2007). Turkish preservice elementary teachers’ self- efficacy beliefs regarding mathematics and science teaching. International Journal of science and Mathematics Education, 8(4), 649-666. Cakiroglu, E. (2000). Preservice elementary teachers’ sense of efficacy in reform oriented mathematics. Indiana: Indiana University. Cakiroglu, E. (2008). The teaching efficacy beliefs of pre-service teachers in the USA and Turkey. Journal of Education for Teaching, 34(1), 33-44. Cone, N. (2009). Pre-service elementary teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs about equitable science teaching: Does service learning make a difference? Journal of Elementary Science Education, 21(2), 25-34. Czerniak, C. M. (1990). A study of self-efficacy, anxiety, and science knowledge in preservice elementary teachers. Atlanta, GA: the National Association for Research in Science Teaching. Hoffman, B. (2010). â€Å"I think I can, but I’m afraid to try†: The role of self-efficacy beliefs and mathematics anxiety in mathematics problem-solving efficiency. Learning and Individual Differences, 20(3), 276–283. Huinker, D., Madison, S. K. (1997). Preparing efficacious elementary teachers in science and mathematics: The influence of methods courses. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 8(2), 107-126. Kazempour, M. (2008). Exploring attitudes, beliefs, and self efficacy of pre-service elementary teachers enrolled in a science methods course and factors responsible for possible changes. Ann Arbor: UMI Dissertations Publishing. Lee, T. (2010). Teaching mathematics creatively, New York, NY: Taylor Francis. Little, M. E. (2003). Successfully teaching mathematics, Educational Forum, 67(3-6). This essay on Mathematics Methodology Classroom Effect on Efficacy of Elementary Teachers was written and submitted by user J0anna to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Globalization system of interaction among countries Essays

Globalization system of interaction among countries Essays Globalization system of interaction among countries Essay Globalization system of interaction among countries Essay Introduction Globalization is the system of interaction among the states of the universe in order to develop the planetary economic system. ( David, 2000 ) Globalization besides influences among economic, political, technological, and society around the universe. It reflects two tendencies ; foremost, displacements within states towards market-driven systems of production ; 2nd, the increasing international economic integrating of states through trade, investing, and migration. ( Andrew, 2004 ) Globalization had immense impact on the flexibleness of labour. The relationship of Globalization and Labor Flexibility Back in 1970, the extremum oil which leads to the stagflation, high rising prices and unemployment rate. After that, authorities and industry searched for the Neoliberalism. Industries applied the flexible accretion alternatively of Fordism. They focus on the regulation of the market, cutting public outgo for societal service, deregulating, denationalization, and extinguishing the construct of the public good or community. ( Elizabeth and Garcia, 2000 ) Under this circumstance, states had faced the intense competition than earlier ; hence, states seek for the corporations to beef up the power of its ain for better net income. NAFTA, WTO, OECD, APEC were established to extinguish the trade barrier, facilitate the cross boundary line motion, promote just competitions in free trade country. Meanwhile, the distribution of income becomes unequal among states. It is become clear that the asymmetric in income distribution has created serious societal jobs. To capitalist, in order to bring f orth more net income, the concern theoretical accounts of just-in-time and outsourcing was introduced and it leads to the restructure of international labour market. Industries tried to cut the figure of nucleus workers, and engage more of peripheral workers, such as portion clip workers. Besides, industries besides tended to take advantages from the political party which is in favour of employers side with inexpensive labour and less aggressive labour brotherhood. Mobility of international human resources has become greater than of all time. The Labor had more chances to seek for occupations universe broad. On the other side, the developed states can enroll cheaper labour from less developed states to cut down its cost. Flexible Firm- John Atkinson : The thought of labour flexibleness, it explained how the organisation direction and run their human resource when confronting the competitory economic system in order to be successful and survive. To best explicate the theoretical account of work flexibleness can mention to Atkinson ( 1984 ) . Harmonizing to Atkinson, in his theoretical account, the halfway portion of the house are called Core Group , it consist with employee who are full clip, lasting place, played the cardinal function in the development of organisation. These employees have the grater occupation protection, better publicity, and preparation, earn higher wage and offering better insurances. Traveling toward the exterior, the 2nd portion is called The periphery , it divided into two subdivisions. One is secondary labour market , it consists of the full clip workers but the technique can be entree easy from the market, such as secretary with low technique. Secondary labour normally have low chances for publicity, hen ce, it has the high flow rate with immense figure of labours that bring the higher mobility than the nucleus workers. The other subdivision is Part-timers that consist of workers with free-lance, contract worker, and despatch. Part-timers have less occupation protection, but with such great flexibly, it benefits both the employer and employee. On the other side, the wage, occupation protection, and the insurance have less power to deal. The external of the steadfast consist of workers who are less influence on the company such as outsourcing, subcontracting, and impermanent work bureau. For the internal factors which are illustrated chiefly in three subdivisions ; the first is Functional flexibility . Employees are able to cover with different challenges and undertakings. Company besides provides the employee with complete preparation for them to heighten the occupation content. Employees will hold the ability to get by with assorted demands from the fast changing environment. This brings the advantage both to the organisations and the employees. The 2nd is Numerical flexibility . Company has flexibleness to enroll and put off employees with short notice period. For making so, company reduces the hazard of unsure market and rising prices. Seasonal workers, fixed-term contracts, bureau workers, and participants in particular plan for the unemployed are called numerical flexibleness. The 3rd is Financial flexibility . Employers can depend on the public presentation of employees to supply them with different wage. Company besides can pay in different types, such as hou rly, hebdomadal, monthly or public presentation alternatively of company net income and losingss. In 2000, Esping-Anderson had future explain John Atkinson s work flexibleness ; Temporal Flexibility Company has flexible working hours which can be yearss, seasonal or twelvemonth long such as shiftwork and rostering. Overall, the concern tendency for the current economic system environment is to cut down the figure of nucleus workers. The state of affairs will acquire worst when the economic system recession happens, industries look for cheap labour which can be dismissed at anytime. Development of Foreign Labor in Taiwan Foreign labour has immense influence to the development of Taiwan economic system. Taiwan had applied the usage of different types of flexibleness labour, in this article, in-sourcing technique are farther explained in item. The development of foreign policy can de divided into three phases. Around 1980, Taiwan economic system was to a great extent replied on exporting, during this clip, there was no policy and ordinance of foreign labour. Due to the fast turning figure of illegal foreign labour, Taiwan authorities started to pay attending to this issue. In 1989, the Council of Labor Affairs ( CLA ) decided to open up the market to foreign labour. After1990, the economic system construction of Taiwan had changed, the New Taiwan dollar appreciated against the US dollar and the pay rose. ( Small and Medium Enterprise Administration, 2006 ) The service industry growing quickly during this period. Degree of instruction ascent and the occupation values changed. Taiwan labour were non lament on take parting on 3K occupations which represent manual labour, insanitary working conditions and unsafe conditions. It makes the imbalance of labour market, the deficit of cardinal labour. Industries were seting force per unit area on authorities for importing foreign labour. Meanwhile, authorities had several immense public buildings which needed the labour instantly. Finally, the authorities set up the regulations for using foreign labour in public and private sector. By making so, the authorities hoped to work out the job of basic labour deficit, and to decelerating down the little medium house traveling to cheap labour states ; to protect the occupation chances for local labour. ( Employment A ; Vocational Training Administration Council of Labor Affairs ) The deduction of the flexible human resource can heighten the competitory, to rush up the development of public building ; and besides provide the domestic labour to the household who is in demand. 2,999 skilled labours were employed from Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam and Mongolia. ( Foreign Workers Statistic, Council of Labour Affairs ) In 1992, Taiwan had passed the jurisprudence on Employment Services Act and Regulations on the Permission and Administration of the Employment of Foreign Workers. The ordinance of foreign labour had good established, more and more foreign labours were employed lawfully by employers. The figure of foreign labour was 15,924 ; Government undertaking history on 6,463, Taiwan authorities was even increasing the limitation on the application of immense investing from 2 billion to 5 billion in 1999, figure of foreign workers gone up to 294,967 in entire. Manufacturing industry is history for 166,000 ; 5,000 in the building industry ; 1,000 in agribusiness ; and the remainder are among cardinal labour force, domestic workers and caretakers. ( Foreign Workers statistic, Council of Labour Affairs ) The 3rd phase from 2000 boulder clay now, during this period, the new authorities physique, new party accent on the human right, hence, the rights of foreign workers were brought up attending. The phenomenon of Globalization had immense impact on Taiwan ; Taiwan had joined WTO in 2002. In order to maintain up with the universe, the issue of human right was extremely accent. Labor Standards Law ( LSL ) announced Every foreign worker in Taiwan, hence, is under the protection of pertinent Torahs. This is based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that All are equal before the jurisprudence and are entitled without any favoritism to equal protection of the jurisprudence. The Employee Benefit Regulations and the Labor Insurance Regulations helped to protect the minimal pay, working hours, working benefits, and benefits from favoritism. ( CLA ) The biggest measure is to take down down the Taiwan agents fee in 2001, this protect the foreign workers from overpaying to those ma npower bureaus. Till the terminal of October 2009, the figure of foreign labours has reached the figure of 37,319. Manufacturing occupations is 195,268, both the domestic assistant and caretaker together in figure of 166,658. ( Foreign Workers statistic, Council of Labour Affairs ) The Council has introduced the foreign labour harmonizing to the rule of supplementation and the bound control under the certain measure by different industries. The current schemes of foreign labour is based on the protection of subjects right to work, the figure of importing foreign labours should non menace the employment chances of local workers. However, the high unemployment rate is striking the local labour earnestly, particularly in the building industry which is about 1 per centum to 2 per centums higher than other industries said by Hu Ho-Tse, president of the National Federation of Chinese Construction Workers Union. In October 2009, the unemployment rate of Taiwan reached 5.96 % . ( Council of Labour Affairs ) Whether to cut the foreign labour has become a immense argument among the industries, Council of Labor Affair, and the national workers ; nevertheless, the representative of industries argue that cutting foreign labour will detain the undertakings and the developme nt of building. It has been a hard clip for Taiwan authorities to do the right determination, Chinese unwilling to make in 3K work and necessitate more salary which may promote the mills to put in cheaper state, in the terminal, the local labours has fewer chances for work. Beside the harm that foreign labours had brought to Taiwan, the part of foreign labour is critical to the economic system and it should be credited for their accomplishment. The Problems behind foreign labour in Taiwan It s been over twenty old ages since the Taiwan authorities legalizes the foreign labour. As a democratic state, it is shame to see the curial intervention we provide for them. In grand 2005, there was a serious presentation against the unethical direction, 300 Thailand labours burn the residence hall and the autos, attack the director and the fireman, this work stoppage revealed the unethical intervention. Thailand labours were beaten by the force. The monthly allowance was merely from 3,000NTD to 5,000NTD, and if it s over 5,000NTD, the company will give the verifier which can merely be used in the store in mills, the director had stolen the money, besides the over clip working hr payment was merely be paid for 40 hours alternatively of the 100 hours, There is no electric or H2O after 10PM. ( Taiwan International Workers Association ) This is merely little portion of jobs. However, the weakest group of foreign labour is those household amahs and in-home caretakers. They are non pre sently covered under the protection of Labor Standards Law ( LSL ) . Without the protection of LSL, there is no warrant for the minimal rewards, working hours, and the on the job conditions. ( Taiwan International Workers Association ) Although Regulations on the permission and Administration of the Employment of Foreign Workers stipulate that the Foreign Worker s Affidavit Regarding Expenses Incurred For Entry into the Republic of China to work and the Wages shall be specifically listed the wage and related disbursal after come ining Taiwan, signed by all four paras, employer, foreign worker, agents of both Taiwan and labour directing state, and notarized by the labour directing states prior to foreign workers reaching in Taiwan. ( Council of Labour Affairs ) This is still non plenty to guarantee their human right. They are afraid of the undue repatriation, and the high cost of securities firm fee charged, they choose to digest the unjust intervention. They work over times with no excess payment, no vacation and no their ain private clip, sometimes even got maltreatment with force. Decision Globalization had brought the benefits among states every bit good as competition. Industries had applied Atkinson s work flexibleness theoretical account in order to last. Economy of Taiwan is an illustration of utilizing in-sourcing scheme, greatly connoting both numerical flexibleness and temporal flexibleness. Importing inexpensive foreign labour maximise the net income both for Taiwan authorities and employers. However, some of them did non have the regard as it deserved. Human right should be extremely value particularly in democracy state. Again, we should all carry the best non merely for the employers but besides those difficult working foreign labour. Mention Jolanda, P. and Harry, G. ( 2000 ) . Globalization, rewards And Unemployment: An Economic Geography Perspective . CESifo Working Paper Series. David, G. ( 2000 ) . The Appraisal: Globalization And Labour-Market Adjustment . Oxford Review ff Economic Policy, VOL. 16, NO.3 Carl, D. and Steven, J. M. ( 2000 ) . Globalization And Labour-Market Adjustment: How Fast And At What Cost? . Oxford Review Of Economic Policy, VOL. 16, NO.3 Andrew G. ( 2000 ) . The Appraisal: How Far has Globalization Gone? Oxford Review of Economic Policy, VOL. 20, NO.1 Chang, H. C. ( 2002 ) . Are Foreign Workers Responsible For The Increasing Unemployment Rate In Taiwan . ISSN 08 19-2642, ISBN 0 7340 2508 4. Arnel. K. ( 2003 ) . Flexible Firms and Labor market cleavage: effects of Workplace reconstituting On Jobs And Workers . Sage Publications Gene, M. G. and Elhanan, H. ( 2002 ) . Outsourcing in a Global Economy . Harvard Institute of Economic Research Piyasiri, W. ( 2002 ) . Asian Labour Migration: Issues And Challenges In An Era Of Globalisation . Sage Publications. Taiwan International Workers Association. 2008. Towards a Win-win-win Situation for Local Caretakers, Migrant Workers, and Care Receiving Households. [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tiwa.org.tw/index.php? itemid=264 A ; catid=18 [ Accessed 22 Nov 2009 ] . Small and Medium Enterprise Administration, Ministry of Economic Affairs.2006. Taiwan s Economic Development. [ Online ] ( Updated 31 Oct 2006 ) Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.moeasmea.gov.tw/ct.asp? xItem=72 A ; CtNode=263 A ; mp=2 [ Accessed 22 Nov 2009 ] . Council of Labour Affairs. 2009. Unemployment Ratess by Educational Attainment, Age and Sex. [ Online ] ( Updated 31 Sep 2009 ) Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //statdb.cla.gov.tw/html/mon/c2050.htm [ Accessed 22 Nov 2009 ] . Council of Labour Affairs. 2007. The Foreign Labor Policy at Present. [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cla.gov.tw/cgi-bin/siteMaker/SM_theme? page=432f7b73 [ Accessed 22 Nov 2009 ] . Council of Labour Affairs. 2009. Foreign Workers in Productive Industries and Social Welfare by Various Type -Foreign Workers statistic. [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //statdb.cla.gov.tw/html/mon/c12010.pdf [ Accessed 22 Nov 2009 ] .